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污染物

污染物是指直接或间接损害环境或人类健康的物质,污染物有自然界产生的,如火山爆发、森林大火产生的烟尘;也有人类活动产生的,环境科学主要研究和关注人类活动产生的污染物。

污染物是在特定的环境中,达到一定的浓度或数量,持续一定的时间的某些环境不需要的物质。并不一定是有毒物质。例如本来是植物必须的营养元素,但当在水体中达到一定的浓度,持续一定的时间而不能被稀释,就会成为水体富营养化的主要元凶,使有害藻类迅速繁殖,鱼类等水生动物会因为缺而窒息死亡。

如重金属本来在自然界中也存在一定丰度,但如果因为人类活动,是某一地点的重金属浓度极大地增加,就会使当地的人类、动物植物中毒。有的重金属如本来不会被动植物吸收,但排放到自然界后,在一定的条件下会被微生物转化成可溶性的甲基汞,会被鱼虾吸收,并通过食物链在吃鱼的动物和人类体内积累,造成神经性疾病。

污染物分类

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按照污染物污染的环境,可以分为:

按照污染物形态分为:

按照污染物的性质分为:

  • 化学污染物
    • 有机污染物
    • 无机污染物
  • 物理污染物
  • 生物污染物
    • 致病菌
    • 恶臭

参见

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污染物
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