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玻尔兹曼因子

在物理学中,玻尔兹曼因子是一个权重因子,它决定了在温度时处于热力学平衡的多状态系统中状态的相对概率:

其中玻尔兹曼常数是状态能量。两个状态的概率之比,由它们的玻尔兹曼因子的比给出。

玻尔兹曼因子本身并不是一个概率,因为它还没有归一化。为了把玻尔兹曼因子归一化,使其成为一个概率,我们把它除以系统所有可能的状态的玻尔兹曼因子之和Z,称为配分函数。这便给出了玻尔兹曼分布

从玻尔兹曼因子可以推导出麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼统计玻色-爱因斯坦统计费米-狄拉克统计,它们分别描述了经典粒子玻色子费米子的统计规律。

参见

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参考文献

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  • Charles Kittel and Herbert Kroemer, Thermal Physics, 2nd ed. (Freeman & Co.: New York, 1980).
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玻尔兹曼因子
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