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狄拉克符号

狄拉克符号狄拉克標記(英語:Dirac notation)是量子力学中广泛应用于描述量子态的一套标准符号系统。在这套系统中,每一个量子态都被描述为希尔伯特空间中的態向量,定义为右矢ket):;每一个右矢的共軛轉置定义为其左矢bra);换一种说法,右矢的厄米共轭(即取转置运算加上共轭复数运算),就可以得到左矢。

此標記法為狄拉克於1939年将「bracket」(括号)这个词拆开后所造的。[1]在中國方面,一些旧有的教科书和文献中也将其译为“刁矢”和“刃矢”、或“彳矢”和“亍矢”,现已弃用。

矩陣表示

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右矢与左矢可分别用N×1阶和1×N阶矩阵表示为:

不同的两个态矢量的内积则由一个括号来表示:,当狄拉克符号作用于两个基矢时,所得值为:克罗内克函數

相同的态矢量内积为:

性質

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因為每個右矢是希爾伯特空間中的一個向量,而每個右矢-左矢關係是內積,而直接地可以得到如下的操作方式:

  • 給定任何左矢、右矢以及,還有複數c1c2,則既然左矢是線性泛函,根據線性泛函的加法與純量乘法的定義,
  • 給定任何右矢、左矢以及,還有複數c1c2,則既然右矢是線性泛函
  • 給定任何右矢,還有複數c1c2,根據內積的性質(其中c*代表c的複數共軛),
對偶。
  • 給定任何左矢及右矢,內積的一個公理性質指出
  • 給定任何算符、左矢及右矢,它們之間的合法相乘滿足乘法結合公理,例如,[2]:16-17

相關條目

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參考文獻

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  1. ^ PAM Dirac. A new notation for quantum mechanics 35 (3). 1939: 416–418 [2014-01-31]. doi:10.1017/S0305004100021162. (原始内容存档于2013-12-03).  |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
  2. ^ Sakukrai, J. J.; Napolitano, Jim, Modern Quantum Mechanics 2nd, Addison-Wesley, 2010, ISBN 978-0805382914 
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狄拉克符号
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