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特例假設

特例假設ad hoc hypothesis)或稱特设性假说[1][2]特設假設,使用於科學哲學領域,指為了防止某理論反證而強加的假設。此假設僅適用於此理論,其設置是為了使理論之可證偽性降低而不被推翻,或不修改基本假設,即能適用理論無法解釋的情況。

科學應用

科學家們常對依賴於機運、未經證明與缺乏依據的理論持懷疑態度。因此特例假設通常是偽科學的一個特徵。[3]許多科學理解都需要基於對現有理論或假設的更改,但是這有別於試圖強加上解釋,使異常情況變成普遍適用情況的特殊處置。

雖然特例假設的手法並不為科學所認同,但是其假設本身也不一定完全是錯誤的。阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦曾經對廣義相對論提出一個被稱作宇宙學常數的外圍假設,以便允許靜態宇宙的存在,這是一個特例假設。儘管之後愛因斯坦認為這個假設是他「最大的錯誤」,但是他的這個假設卻可用來解釋暗能量[4]

實例

参考文献

  1. ^ 存档副本. [2024-01-29]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-29). 
  2. ^ https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/42dbfde0c51c813c64d8293863a49581/?seq=1
  3. ^ Carroll, Robert T., Ad hoc hypothesis, The Skeptic's Dictionary, 23 February 2009 [1 May 2009], (原始内容存档于2009-04-27) 
  4. ^ Texas A&M University, Einstein's Biggest Blunder? Dark Energy May Be Consistent With Cosmological Constant, ScienceDaily, 28 November 2007 [22 June 2008], (原始内容存档于2020-11-09) 

参见

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特例假設
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