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牙門將軍,雜號將軍的名號之一,為東漢末年左將軍劉備所創置[1],曾授予趙雲和於漢中之戰後授予魏延。三國時東吳和曹魏亦有設置,但多以牙門將稱之。[2]
牙門源於古時行軍紮營,立牙旗[3][4]以為軍門,稱為「牙門」。牙門將,應類似中郎將屬中階軍官,意為統兵牙門[5][6]之將領,職責保衛軍隊與主帥防禦安危。
牙門將軍為劉備為獎勵趙雲功勳,特別創置將軍號,蜀漢僅趙雲、魏延述職擔任,職責統率直屬劉備調遣的親兵部隊,漢朝時未有該牙門將軍名號存在記載。
《通典》卷二十九「雜號將軍」一欄將牙門將視為雜號將軍之一,則作魏文帝黄初年間始置,第五品。而且冠服與將軍相同,列出蜀漢趙雲,曹魏胡烈和東吳陸機為例子,卻沒寫《三國志》中趙雲所曾任的牙門將軍。但按《三國志·王平傳》,王平投降劉備後官拜「牙門將、禆將軍」,禆將軍是將軍名號(將軍號),牙門將則是指守護牙門旗任務的將領(職務稱),與《通典》所述不合。而《三國志》亦只有在蜀志中趙雲和魏延的傳中寫「牙門將軍」,魏志和吳志皆只有牙門將,但蜀漢亦有牙門將之職。
- ^ 《資治通鑑》卷六十八胡三省註:「牙門、鎮遠,皆劉備創置將軍號。」
- ^ 《三國會要》職官三<附 雜號將軍>:「牙門 蜀趙雲 魏延 魏吳亦有。」
- ^ 《文選·張衡<東京賦>》:「戈矛若林,牙旗繽紛。」
- ^ 三國東吳薛綜注兵書曰:「牙旗者,將軍之旌。謂古者天子出,建大牙旗,竿上以象牙飾之,故云牙旗。」
- ^ 《後漢書》卷七四上《袁紹傳》:「麴義追至界橋,瓚斂兵還戰,義復破之,遂到瓚營,拔其牙門。」
- ^ 南朝梁.劉勰《文心雕龍.詔策》:「警郡守以恤隱,勒牙門以御衛。」
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