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热功当量 .
測量热功当量 的焦耳裝置,落下的"功 "被轉成在水里的擾動"熱 "。 热功当量 是指热力学 单位卡 与作为功 的单位焦耳 之间存在的一种当量关系,由于用传递热量或作功的方法都能改变物质系统的能量,所以他们的单位之间存在着一定换算关系。
英国物理学家焦耳 首先用实验确定了这关系,后规定:
1
c
a
l
=
4.186
J
{\displaystyle 1cal=4.186J}
1
J
=
0.239
c
a
l
{\displaystyle 1J=0.239cal}
在热工学中常用功的热当量等于1/426.9千卡以表示功与热之间的换算常数;如果工程上以千瓦 或马力 作为功率的计算单位,则功与热之间的换算当量为每千瓦小时=860大卡,每马力小时=632大卡。
热功当量表述了不同能量之间可以相互转换,而且存在严格的当量关系。热功当量也是对熱力學第一定律 的实验证明。
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