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火山噴發類型

部分火山活動時所形成的噴發結構:普林尼式火山噴發喷发柱(上),夏威夷式火山噴發流溢的繩狀熔岩(左),史湯玻利式火山噴發的熔岩(右)。

火山噴發是指火山口或火山裂縫排出熔岩火山噴發碎屑火山灰火山礫火山彈火山塊)以及各種氣體的過程。根據火山學家定義,火山噴發可分為數種類型,通常以該模式中著名的火山命名。部分火山在一次活躍期間只呈現單一噴發特徵,也有其他種火山在一次噴發過程表現多種噴發類型。

火山噴發依據產物可區分為三種主要類型:最普遍可見的岩漿噴發英语magmatic eruption(magmatic eruption),即地底深處的氣體降壓、推動岩漿上升而噴發;准岩浆型火山喷发,是由壓縮氣體推動岩漿,過程與岩漿噴發正好相反;潜水蒸气喷发則是地下水或地表水因為與岩漿接觸,轉為過熱蒸氣而後噴發。上述三種噴發類型通常不會伴隨岩漿釋放,而是促成原有岩石粒化。

火山噴發依據不同條件又可細分為數種類型。其中,噴發強度最弱的是夏威夷式和海底火山,其次為斯特龍伯利式火山噴發,接著是伏爾坎寧式(火山島式)和淺海式火山噴發。噴發強度較強的則有培雷式,緊接著是普林尼式;最強的稱為「超普林尼式火山噴發」。此外,冰下噴發和蒸氣噴發依據噴發機制不同而分立,兩者在噴發強度上也有所差異。火山爆發指數Volcanic Explosivity Index,簡稱VEI)是現今量度噴發強度的主要方法;它分為0級到8級,各級別並普遍能對應到火山的噴發類型。

噴發機制

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图中显示喷發物总容量与火山爆發指數(VEI)规模的关系。

火山噴發可由三種主要機制:

參考文獻

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  1. ^ Volcanic Ash. University of California Press. : 246.  使用|coauthors=需要含有|author= (帮助);

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外部連結

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火山噴發類型
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