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溶酶体

细胞生物学
动物细胞

溶酶体(英語:lysosome)又稱溶体溶小体,存在於細胞(多存在于动物细胞中,植物细胞内不常见)中,屬於細胞的內膜系統,由高基氏複合體產生,是單層膜的囊狀胞器,內部含有數十種從高基氏體送來的水解酶,這些酶在弱酸性環境之下(通常為PH值4.5-5.0)能有效分解生命所需的有機物質。溶小體是細胞的回收中心,它將損壞的構造消化分解並進行回收利用(協助細胞內各種組成物質的更新),還可將細胞吞入的顆粒消化分解(胞內消化)。2016諾貝爾生理醫學獎得主-大隅良典,研究細胞的自噬作用,與溶體有關。

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許多透過細胞吞噬的物質,會先形成内体(endosome),然後跟溶體融合並且進行消化。 溶體對老舊、損壞的胞器膜蛋白進行分解,產生的小分子隨後可再次被細胞利用,一旦溶體破裂釋放出水解酶,細胞就會被分解(又稱細胞自殺)。


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溶酶体
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