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海林檎 .
海林檎纲
《自然界的藝術形態 》 (1904), 圖版 90: Cystoidea
科学分类
界:
动物界 Animalia
门:
棘皮动物门 Echinodermata
亚门:
† 海蕾亚门 Blastozoa
纲:
† 海林檎纲 Cystoideavon Buch, 1846
海林檎 (cystoids)是已灭绝 的一类棘皮动物 ,是較原始的有莖棘皮動物,萼部为球形 ,与苹果 类似,故名(林檎为苹果的古称)。海林檎纲约有100属 左右,多生存於奥陶纪 和志留纪 ,于泥盆纪 晚期绝迹。
棘海林檎 (Echinosphaerites aurantium )化石海林檎和有柄海百合 一樣,都是以莖(柄)固著在海底基質 上的底棲生物 ,有些種類無莖。莖頂連接萼部,萼形狀不一,有卵形、球形、瓶形等,而海百合的萼則多為杯形。萼由許多排列不規則的多邊形骨板(萼板)組成,萼板少則13,多則達200塊以上。萼板上具有小孔,稱為萼孔,作用尚不清楚,可能與水管系統 有關,萼孔排列方式可分四種類型:單孔(單個散亂排列)、雙孔(成對出現)、孔菱(排成菱形)和櫛孔菱(類似孔菱,但水管部分露出板面,形如櫛)[1] 。口位於萼頂中央或近中央處,呈裂隙狀、圓形或多邊形。由口孔輻射出5條或更少的短食物溝(步帶 ),呈簡單或分叉狀,步帶上有許多短小、不分叉的腕羽,可濾取海水中的微生物[2] 。肛孔位於口的下方,常覆有5~7塊小肛板,形成低矮的肛錐。在口孔與肛孔之間,還有水孔及生殖孔。
海林檎綱過往被歸為海百合亞門 ,並根據萼孔類型、殼體對稱程度而分為兩個目:[3]
孔菱目(Rhombifera):萼板具孔菱。
雙孔目(Diploporita):萼板小孔為雙孔或兼有單孔。 較新的研究則多把海林檎綱的兩個目各自獨立成綱,且歸於海蕾亞門 之下。[4] [5]
^ 本社.地球科學大辭典基礎卷:地質出版社,2007
^ Cyril Walker & David Ward. 自然珍藏系列──化石圖鑑. 台灣 新北市 : 貓頭鷹出版社. 1996-09 (中文(繁體)) .
^ 何心一.古生物學教程:地質出版社,1993
^ Sprinkle, James. Morphology and Evolution of Blastozoan Echinoderms. Cambridge, Mass.: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 1973.
^ Broadhead, Thomas. "Blastozoa." University of Tennessee, Knoxville , 1980, pp. 118-132.
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