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活性中间体.
活性中间体(或稱活化錯合物/中间体/活性中間物)(Reactive intermediate) 是化学反应過程中產生的存在時間短,能量高,高反應性的分子.當反應產生時會快速的轉變成更穩定的分子。只有在特殊情況下才能將其分離出來並儲存,比如低溫。中間體的存在能夠幫助解釋部分化學反應如何進行。
多數化學反應為多步反應,即反應不會一次完成。且活性中間體高能量,不穩定,容易再反應變成產物。有機化學中,活性常見的活性中間體有碳正离子、碳负离子、自由基和卡宾等。活性中間體通常難以分離,並且只能通過光譜手段觀測。有些分步進行的合成路徑涉及較穩定的中間體,例如格氏試劑的製備,碳負離子、醚和與鎂離子形成絡合物,穩定了碳負離子中間體。[1]此格式試劑再用於各種烷基化反應。
- 碳的反應中間體
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自由基
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卡宾
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碳正離子
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碳負離子
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卡拜
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苯炔
- ^ Sakai, Shogo; Jordan, K. D. Ab initio study of the structure and vibrational frequencies of the Grignard reagent methylmagnesium chloride. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1982, 104 (14): 4019. doi:10.1021/ja00378a047.
- Carey, Francis A.; Sundberg, Richard J.; (1984). Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A Structure and Mechanisms (2nd ed.). New York N.Y.: Plenum Press.ISBN 0-306-41198-9.
- March Jerry; (1885). Advanced Organic Chemistry reactions, mechanisms and structure (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, inc. ISBN 0-471-85472-7
- Gilchrist T.C.; Rees C.W.; (1969) carbenes, nitrenes and arynes. Nelson. London.
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