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活性度

化学中,活性(Activity)即某物质的“有效梯度”,或称为物质的“有效莫爾分率”。此概念由吉尔伯特·莫扎特·路易斯首先提出。

将理想混合物中组分i化学势表示式中的莫爾分率(xi)替换为活度(ai),便可得到真实化合物中组分i的化学式,见下:

理想情况下xiai不相等。

活性系数ri,或称“活性因子”)则按下式定义,相当于真实化合物中i偏离理想情况的程度:

粗略的计算常用浓度来代替活性,但在精确的溶液酸度[1]离子强度以及速率常数平衡常数等众多计算中都应该使用活度。在溶液中,由于单个离子的活度系数无法从实验得到,一般取电解质两种离子活度系数的平均值,称为“平均活性系数”。平均活度系数通常可从化学手册中查到。一般地讲,溶液越浓,离子电荷越高,温度越高,溶液偏离理想溶液的程度就越大,活度系数越小,活度与浓度的差距就会增大。反之亦然。

下表中列出了氯化钠溶液在不同温度和不同浓度下的活性系数。[2]注意活性系数是无量纲的物理量。

浓度 (mol/kg) 25 °C 50 °C 100 °C 200 °C 300 °C 350 °C
0.05 0.820 0.814 0.794 0.725 0.592 0.473
0.50 0.680 0.675 0.644 0.619 0.322 0.182
5.00 0.873 0.886 0.803 0.466 0.167 0.044

金屬活性

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> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >

由此可知,當鋁、鎂金屬工廠或材料發生火災時,不可以使用水或者乾粉滅火器滅火。因為鎂與水發生化學反應,產生的氫氣與空氣混合極易引起爆炸;鹵化烷亦會被分解成有毒的光氣,同樣可能產生爆炸。另外,即便以氮氣二氧化碳包圍燃燒中的金屬,金屬仍然可能繼續悶燒,並將二氧化碳轉化成有毒的一氧化碳,反而助長火勢。

参见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ pH Paradoxes: Demonstrating That It Is Not True That pH ≡ -log[H+] Christopher G. McCarty and Ed Vitz Journal of Chemical Education Vol. 83 752 2006
  2. ^ Paul Cohen, "The ASME Handbook on Water Technology for Thermal Systems", The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988
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活性度
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