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永佃制

永佃制是中國自南宋至近代的一種土地制度,據此,佃戶可以永久租用農地,不受土地業權轉手的影響。永佃制下,佃戶享有部份土地所有權,有時又稱為一田二主制

起源

北宋末、南宋初,各地普遍實行長期租約制,田地的買主往往答應繼續出租田地給原佃戶,在地契上說明這一點,並寫上佃戶姓名,即「隨田佃客」。有些地區,即使地契上沒明載佃戶姓名,買主依然承認原佃戶的優先承佃權。隨田佃客的制度有利佃戶,保障佃戶的承租權,不受土地所有權轉移的影響。這種習慣南宋時在江南演變成永佃制。

有時地主與佃農因為長期簽約,在出賣自己的田地時,也會設法取得新買主承諾,讓該佃農永遠在原田上佃種。這種永佃權是出賣土地的附帶條件,稱「就行佃賃」。有時賣主不但在原地以佃戶身份耕作,甚至在出賣土地時聲明享有回贖權,在回贖權有效期間可以世代承佃。這是永佃制的另一來源。[1]

宋代流行一種只抵押、不賣地的交易,贖回的權利永遠屬於出典人。抵押土地後,出典人仍可以自由使用土地,如果他不提出贖回,出典的狀態便一直持續下去。這是永佃制的形成原因之一。承典人可以把土地轉典給第三者,收取金錢;也可以向出典人支付一筆相當於典價與賣價差額的金錢,稱「找貼」或「找價」。[2]

內容

在永佃制下,土地的擁有權與使用權分離,可以分別執行和佔有。這兩項分割的權益,各地名稱不同,如:田底田面、田骨田皮、田根田腳。有的地方認為永佃權是土地所有權的一部份,因此享有永佃權的稱為二田主,形成一田二主制,即地主與佃戶共同享有土地的主權。

永佃制有利佃農,對佃農是一種保障。佃農視永佃權為一種產業,可以出讓、遺贈、或轉售。永佃權有時價,而且往往比土地所有權的價值更高。[1]

注釋

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 趙岡,陳鍾毅:《中國土地制度史》(台北:聯經出版事業公司,1982)。
  2. ^ 高橋芳郎著,張學軍譯:〈宋代官田的「立價交佃」和「一田兩主制」〉,載劉俊文編:《日本中青年學者論中國史.宋元明清卷》(上海:上海古籍出版社,1995),頁55-74。

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永佃制
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