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樂市樂座.
日語寫法 |
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日語原文 | 楽市・楽座 |
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假名 | らくいち・らくざ |
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平文式罗马字 | Rakuichi-Rakuza |
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樂市·樂座是日本在16世紀至17世紀期間的戰國時代,由織田信長、豐臣秀吉及諸戰國大名在其領地城下町所推動的一項經濟政策。「樂」字指的是自由化之意,「座」則是指平安到戰國時代的工商業者或演藝人員組成的工會,她們向朝廷、貴族或寺院支付金錢,以換取獨家專賣或販賣權。
樂市樂座令最早由今川氏真以「五條定書」首創樂市鼓勵貿易,明確規定只要支付一定的費用,任何人都可以在富士大宮樂市自由買賣交易。[1]一說此制度原本由近江(今日本滋賀縣)的戰國大名六角定賴頒布,但是六角氏的《江源武鑑》並沒有記載,因而有可能為石寺新市自行發布,而非領主大名下達的命令。信長隔年沿用之[2][3],並且推廣到其領地。住在「樂市」的人不僅可以免除稅金,連在領地內的通行安全也獲得保障。信長同時也廢除了收取通行費的關所,讓商人和旅行者能夠自由往來無阻。靠著這個政策的頒布推行,織田家的領國尾張(今日本愛知縣)便開始逐漸國富兵強,日益興盛。[來源請求],有時為了搭配新領地的支配,織田信長也會承認原有的「座」之權力,像是攻下越前後,對當地的唐人座、輕物座就在徵收役錢後,允許其原有的管理權。事實上關所廢止是平定伊勢國之後的事;而最早廢除關所通行稅的是今川氏親於1526年制定的今川假名目錄第24條。
注釋
- ^ 【発給者】今川氏真 永禄九年四月三日【宛】富士信忠【内容】富士大宮毎月六度市之事、押買狼藉非分等有之旨申付条、自今己後之儀者、一円停止 諸役、為楽市可申付之…
- ^ 【発給者】織田信長 永禄十年十月【宛所】楽市場【所蔵者】円徳寺 来住者分国往還保護、借銭・借米・地子・諸役免許、押買・狼藉・喧嘩・口論、理不尽之使、宿執非分停止
- ^ 【発給者】織田信長 永禄十一年九月日【宛所】加納【所蔵者】円徳寺 当市場越居之輩の分国往還保障、借銭借米諸役免許、楽市楽座之上商売、押買・狼藉・喧嘩口論停止、使不入、宿取り非分停止
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