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桑贾克

桑贾克鄂圖曼土耳其語سنجاق‎;现代土耳其语Sancak發音:[sanˈdʒak]),奥斯曼帝国的二级行政区划单位,在土耳其语中意为“区”或“旗”[1],与阿拉伯语中意为“旗”的“里瓦”可互换使用。

奥斯曼帝国的一级行政区划(包括开始的“”和后来的“”)可分为多个桑贾克(或称里瓦),由桑贾克贝伊(或称穆塔萨勒夫)管辖[2]

名称

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“桑贾克”一词源自突厥语,意为“旗帜”或区划意义中的“”。阿拉伯语词语“里瓦”与桑贾克的含义相同,可以互换使用[3][4]

鄂圖曼帝国

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桑贾克是鄂圖曼建国初期的一级行政区划,最早可能是由奥尔汗一世在1340年或更早之前建立[5]。苏丹穆拉德一世于1365年左右将整个苏丹国分为鲁米利亚安纳托利亚两个贝勒贝伊里克(后改称Eyalet),桑贾克成为二级区划[5]

各个“桑贾克”分别由一位桑贾克贝伊都督军政事务,几乎所有的桑贾克贝伊都是不可世袭的[6]

相关

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叙利亚土耳其的地缘关系中,“桑贾克”一词可专指法属叙利亚托管地亚历山大勒塔桑贾克英语Alexandretta Sanjak,当时该桑贾克主要居民为土耳其人,1938年该桑贾克独立为哈塔伊共和国,1939年并入土耳其共和国哈塔伊省[7]

黑山塞尔维亚的地缘关系中,源自“桑贾克”的“桑扎克”(Санџак,Sandžak)一词指原奥斯曼帝国的新帕扎尔桑贾克英语Sanjak of Novi Pazar一带[8][9][10][11]

参考文献

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  1. ^ Dictionary.com - Sanjak entry. [2019-09-03]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-03). 
  2. ^ Definition of Mutessarif. Free Online Dictionary. [2013-05-28]. (原始内容存档于2013-05-13). 
  3. ^ Hillenbrand, Carole. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Psychology Press. 2000 [2019-09-05]. ISBN 9780415929141. (原始内容存档于2019-12-15) (英语). 
  4. ^ Foreign Maps. Department of the Army. 1956 [2019-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-22) (英语). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 D. E. Pitcher. An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Brill Archive. 1972: 125 [2013-06-02]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-09). 
  6. ^ Imber, Colin. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power (PDF): 177–200. 2002. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-07-26). 
  7. ^ Picard, Elizabeth. Retour au Sandjak. Maghreb-Machrek (Paris: Documentation française). 1982, (99) (法语). 
  8. ^ Stjepanović, Dejan. Regions and Terriortial Autonomy in Southeastern Europe. Gagnon, Alain-G.; Keating, Michael (编). Political autonomy and divided societies: Imagining democratic alternatives in complex settings. Palgrave Macmillan. 2012: 194. ISBN 9780230364257. [失效連結]
  9. ^ Roth, Clémentine. Why Narratives of History Matter: Serbian and Croatian Political Discourses on European Integration. Nomos Verlag. 2018: 268. ISBN 9783845291000. 
  10. ^ Duda, Jacek. Islamic community in Serbia - the Sandžak case. Górak-Sosnowska, Katarzyna (编). Muslims in Poland and Eastern Europe: Widening the European Discourse on Islam. University of Warsaw: Faculty of Oriental Studies. 2011: 327. ISBN 9788390322957. 
  11. ^ Karen Dawisha; Bruce Parrott. Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe. Cambridge University Press. 1997-06-13: 175– [2019-09-05]. ISBN 978-0-521-59733-3. (原始内容存档于2019-07-04). 
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桑贾克
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