桃金孃科
桃金娘科 化石时期：中新世早期至現在
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| 香桃木（Myrtus communis）的花葉 | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 植物界 Plantae |
| 演化支： | 维管植物 Tracheophyta |
| 演化支： | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
| 演化支： | 真双子叶植物 Eudicots |
| 演化支： | 蔷薇类植物 Rosids |
| 目： | 桃金娘目 Myrtales |
| 科： | 桃金娘科 Myrtaceae Juss.[1] |
| 模式属 | |
| 香桃木属 Myrtus L., 1753
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| 亚科、族與属 | |
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約130個屬，詳見內文 | |
| 異名 | |
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桃金孃科（学名：Myrtaceae）是桃金娘目之下的一個真双子叶植物的科。主要產於澳洲和美洲的热带和亚热带地区，有100属约3000种，包括有香桃木属、丁子香及桉树等植物。當中在中国大陆原产有8属，引种了5属，共有136种。臺灣有9屬30種。
常绿灌木或乔木，有透明的油腺斑点，產生的油脂可用來製作精油；叶子对生或互生，单叶，多全缘，没有托叶；花两性，辐射对称，萼片和花瓣常各4－5枚，雖然花朵纖細，但植株卻能長的高大，而它們共同的特徵是雄蕊多如睫毛、分离或成数束，花絲細長柔，子房常下位，一至多室，有少数至多数胚珠；果实多为浆果或蒴果。
桃金孃科植物生命力顽強，台灣、广东、广西以及印度的氣候適合其生長。其精油具有抗病毒、殺菌、改善呼吸系統、消炎的功效，對關結炎、風濕痛、咳嗽和傷寒具有特殊的疗效。本科植物重要的有桃金娘、番石榴、桉树、蓮霧、蒲桃、千層樹等。
分類學
[编辑]過往本科物種二分為细籽亚科（Leptospermoideae）及桃金娘亚科（Myrtoideae）兩個亞科，但這種分類受到質疑，包括Johnson and Briggs (1984)，他們把桃金孃科物種分成14個族或支序，並發現這個科為多系群[2]。截至2008年，多組學者為本科物種進行分子生物學研究，從其物種的演化史推翻了上述的二分法分類。
近期的分類法把本科物種分為裸木亚科（Psiloxyloideae）及桃金娘亚科（Myrtoideae）兩個亞科，然後再細分為17個族[3]。不過由於每年都由被劃歸本科的新物種的發現，這些新發現都可能會對現時的分類造成衝擊。
現時分類
[编辑]根據Wilson (2011)[4]，本科物種可作如下分類：
裸木亚科 Psiloxyloideae
桃金娘亚科 Myrtoideae
- tribe Xanthostemoneae
- tribe Lophostemoneae
- tribe Osbornieae
- tribe Melaleuceae
- tribe Kanieae
- tribe Backhousieae
- tribe Metrosidereae
- tribe Tristanieae
- tribe Syzygieae
- tribe Myrteae
- tribe Eucalypteae
- tribe Syncarpieae
- tribe Lindsayomyrteae
- tribe Leptospermeae
- tribe Chamelaucieae
屬
[编辑]本科包括以下属：
- 野鳳榴屬 Acca O.Berg
- Accara Landrum
- Acialyptus Jacks., 1893
- Actinodium Schauer
- Actinodium Schauer ex Schltdl.
- Adhunia Vell.
- Agonis (DC.) Sweet
- Agonis Lindl.
- Aldwickia M.E.J.Chandler, 1961
- Algrizea Proença & NicLugh.
- Allosyncarpia S.T.Blake
- Aluta Rye & Trudgen
- Amomyrtella Kausel
- Amomyrtus (Burret) D.Legrand & Kausel
- Angophora Cav.
- Anticoryne Turcz.
- Archirhodomyrtus (Nied.) Burret
- Arillastrum Pancher ex Baill.
- Arillastrum Pancher ex Brongn. & Gris
- Astartea DC.
- Asteromyrtus Schauer
- Astus Trudgen & Rye
- Austrobaeckea Rye
- Austromyrtus (Nied.) Burret
- Babingtonia Lindl.
- Backhousea Kuntze, 1903
- Backhousia Hook. & Harv.
- Baechea Colla, 1824
- Baecka Cothen., 1790
- 岗松属 Baeckea L.
- Baeckia Andrews, 1810
- Balaustion Hook.
- Barongia Peter G.Wilson & B.Hyland
- Basisperma C.T.White
- Beaufortia R.Brown ex W.T.Aiton, 1812
- Beckea J.St.-Hil., 1806
- Billiotia Endl., 1837
- Billiotia Rchb., 1841
- Billiottia Endl., 1840
- Billotia Colla, 1824
- Billottia R.Br.
- Blepharocalyx O.Berg
- 红千层属 Callistemon R.Br.
- Callistemonites M.B.Bande, R.C.Mehrotra & U.Prakash, 1986
- Callistemonoxylon M.B.Bande, R.C.Mehrotra & U.Prakash, 1986
- Callistemophyllum Ettingshausen, 1853
- Calostemon T.Post & Kuntze, 1903
- Calycolpus O.Berg
- Calycorectes O.Berg
- Calypthrantes Raeusch., 1797
- Calyptranthes Sw.
- Calyptranthus Juss., 1806
- Calyptrogenia Burret
- Calytrix Labill.
- Cambea Endl., 1840
- Campomanesia Ruiz & Pav.
- Celoporthe
- Cerquieria Benth. & Hook.f., 1865
- Chamaelaucium DC., 1828
- Chamelaucium Desf.
- Chamguava Landrum
- Cheyniana Rye
- Ciposia Silveira, 1918
- Cloezia Brongn. & Gris
- 伞房桉属 Corymbia K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson
- Cumbea Wight & Arn., 1834
- Curitiba Salywon & Landrum
- Cyathostemon Turcz.
- Darwinia Rudge
- Darwynia Rchb., 1841
- 子楝树属 Decaspermum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Diplachna Kuntze & T.Post, 1903
- Draparnalda St.-Lag.
- Draparnandia Montrouzier, 1860
- Enekbatus Trudgen & Rye
- Ericomyrtus Turcz.
- Eucalyptophyllum Fontaine, 1889
- Eucalyptopsis C.T.White
- 桉屬 Eucalyptus L'Hér.
- 番樱桃属 Eugenia L.
- Eugeniaites Loubiere, 1933
- Euryomyrtus Schauer
- Faetidia Comm. ex Juss., 1789
- Feijoa O.Berg
- Glaphiria Spach, 1835
- Glayphyria G.Don, 1832
- Gomidezia Benth. & Hook.f., 1865
- Gossia N.Snow & Guymer
- Guaiava Tourn. ex Adans., 1763
- 嘉宝果属 Guapurium Juss., 1789，为树番樱属（Plinia Plum. ex L.）的异名。
- Guapurium caipirinha [5]
- 密叶岗松属 Harmogia Schauer, 1843
- 薰衣树属 Heteropyxis Harv., 1863
- 苞蜡花属 Homalocalyx F.Muell., 1857
- 坚柳梅属 Homalospermum Schauer, 1843
- 缨蜡花属 Homoranthus A.Cunn. ex Schauer, 1836
- Hypestes Kuntze, 1903
- Hypocalimna Turcz., 1862
- Hypocalymma (Endl.) Endl.
- Hypocalymna Endl., 1843
- Hypocalymna Meisn., 1843
- Hysterobaeckea (Nied.) Rye
- Jambus Noronha, 1790
- Kanakomyrtus N.Snow
- Kania Schltr.
- Kardomia Peter G.Wilson
- Kjellbergiodendron Burret
- Kunzea Rchb.
- Lazarocardenasoxylon E.Estrada-Ruiz & H.Martínez-Cabrera, 2021
- Leantria Sol. ex G.Forst.
- Leciscium C.F.Gaertn., 1807
- Legrandia Kausel
- Lencymmoea C.Presl
- Lencymmoea K.B.Presl, 1851
- Lenwebbia N.Snow & Guymer
- Leptospermatoxylon B.S.Trivedi & C.L.Verma, 1973
- Leptospermites Schmalhausen, 1883
- Leptospermocarpum P.Menzel, 1914
- 薄子木属 Leptospermum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Lhotzkya Endl., 1837
- Lindsayomyrtus B.Hyland & Steenis
- Lithomyrtus F.Muell.
- Lophomyrtus Burret
- 红胶木属 Lophostemon Schott
- 龙袍木属 Luma A.Gray
- Lysicarpus F.Muell.
- Malaloleuca Gand., 1918
- Malleostemon J.W.Green
- Mariomella Faúndez & Rider, 2019
- Marliera D.Dietr.
- Marlierea Cambess.
- Marlierea Cambess. ex A.St.-Hil., 1833
- Marlieria Benth. & Hook.f., 1865
- 千层树属 Melaleuca L.
- Mennichea Steud., 1841
- Metrosideros Banks ex Gaertn.
- Micromyrtus Benth.
- Mitrantia Peter G.Wilson & B.Hyland
- Mosiera Small
- Myrceugeina
- Myrceugenellites M.Nishida, H.Nishida & T.Nasa, 1988
- Myrceugenia O.Berg
- Myrcia DC. ex Guill.
- Myrcia Sol. ex Lindl., 1821
- 忍冬番樱属 Myrcianthes O.Berg, 1854
- Myrciaria O.Berg
- Myrciophyllum H.Engelhardt, 1891
- Myrrhinium Schott
- Myrtaciphyllum D.C.Christophel & S.D.Lys, 1987
- Myrtastrum Burret
- Myrtella F.Muell.
- Myrteola O.Berg
- Myrtifolium F.Unger, 1864
- Myrtiphyllum P.Dusén, 1899
- Myrtoidoxylon H.Gottwald, 1966
- Myrtoleucodendron Burm.
- Myrtomiophyton Massalongo, 1858
- Myrtonium Ettingshausen, 1886
- Myrtophyllum Heer, 1869
- Myrtospermum M.E.J.Chandler, 1957
- Myrtoxylon Boureau, 1953
- 香桃木属 Myrtus L.
- Nelitris Spreng., 1825
- 金柳梅属 Neofabricia Joy Thomps.
- 团杯番樱属 Neomitranthes D.Legrand, 1977
- 新桃木属 Neomyrtus Burret, 1941
- 大洋柳番樱属 Nothomyrcia Kausel, 1947[1948]
- 黄籽岗松属 Ochrosperma Trudgen, 1987
- 多瓣桃木属 Octamyrtus Diels, 1922
- Olythia Steud., 1841
- Opa Lour., 1790
- 八宫花属 Osbornia F.Muell., 1862
- 凹果岗松属 Oxymyrrhine Schauer, 1843
- Palaeorhodomyrtus E.M.Reid & M.E.J.Chandler, 1933
- Paleomyrtinaea K.B.Pigg, R.A.Stockey & S.L.Maxwell, 1993
- Paramyrtaciphyllum I.A.Ozerov, 2000
- Paryphanthe Benth., 1866
- 泽柳梅属 Pericalymma (Engl.) Endl.
- 铜杯花属 Pileanthus Labill., 1806
- Pilidiostigma Burret
- 多香果属 Pimenta Lindl.
- Pirigarda C.B.Clarke, 1879
- Pleurocalyptus Brongn. & Gris
- 樹葡萄屬 Plinia Plum. ex L.
- Pontoppidana Steud., 1841
- Pseudanamomis Kausel
- Pseudolaryngodus
- 番石榴属 Psidium L.
- Psiloxylon Thouars ex Tul.
- Purpureostemon Gugerli
- Raoanthus S.D.Chitaley & M.Z.Patel, 1975
- 玫瑰木属 Rhodamnia Jack
- 桃金娘属 Rhodomyrtus (DC.) Rchb.
- Rinzia Schauer
- Ristantia Paul G.Wilson & J.T.Waterh.
- Rugenia Neck., 1790
- Sannantha Peter G.Wilson
- Scholtzia Schauer
- Seorsus Rye & Trudgen
- Sincarpia Ten.
- Siphoneugena O.Berg
- Siphoneugenia
- Sizygium Duch.
- Sphaerantia Peter G.Wilson & B.Hyland
- Stenospermum Sweet, 1830
- Stenostegia A.R.Bean
- Stereocaryum Burret
- Stockwellia D.J.Carr, S.G.M.Carr & B.Hyland
- Suarda Nocca ex Steud., 1841
- Syncarpia Nied.
- Syncarpia Ten.
- Syncarpites J.Schmalhausen, 1883
- Syzigium Steud., 1841
- Syzygeum Wight
- Syzygioxylon K.Kramer, 1974
- Syzygioxylon S.R.Ingle, 1973
- 蒲桃属 Syzygium Gaertn.
- Taxandria (Benth.) J.R.Wheeler & N.G.Marchant
- Temu O.Berg
- Tepualia Griseb.
- Tetrapora S.Schauer
- Thaleropia Peter G.Wilson
- Thryptomene Endl.
- Triplarina Raf.
- 红胶木属 Tristania R.Brown ex W.T.Aiton, 1812
- Tristaniandra P.G.Wilson & J.F.Basinger, 2007
- Tristaniopsis Brongn. & Gris
- Tristanites G.Saporta, 1865
- Tryptomene F.Muell., 1859
- Ugni Turcz.
- Uromyrtus Burret
- 羽蜡花属 Verticordia DC.
- Welchiodendron Paul G.Wilson & J.T.Waterh.
- Whiteodendron Steenis
- Xanthomyrtus Diels
- 金缨木属 Xanthostemon F.Muell.
- Zyzygium Brongn., 1843
- ×Kunzspermum W.Harris
蟲害
[编辑]桃金娘科植物是许多无刺蜜蜂的食物，尤其是从这种植物科采集花粉的双色蜜环蜂[6]。
參考文獻
[编辑]- ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2009-10, 161 (2): 105–121 [2021-09-26]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. （原始内容存档于2017-07-23） （英语）.
- ^ Johnson, L. A. S.; Briggs, B. G. Myrtales and Myrtaceae-A Phylogenetic Analysis. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1984, 71 (3): 700 [2021-09-26]. doi:10.2307/2399159. （原始内容存档于2021-09-26）.
- ^ Wilson, P. G.; O’Brien, M. M.; Heslewood, M. M.; Quinn, C. J. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 2005-03, 251 (1): 3–19. ISSN 0378-2697. doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0162-y （英语）.
- ^ Wilson, Peter G. Myrtaceae. Kubitzki, Klaus (编). Flowering Plants. Eudicots. X. Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2014. ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39417-1 （英语）.
- ^ João Marcelo Alvarenga Braga, Diego Ferreira da Silva, Eugenio Arantes de Melo, Hélio Caixeta Tiburcio, Adelício Pereira da Silva, Rodrigo Borges Ferreira, Marco Túlio Côrtes de Lacerda and Harri Lorenzi. 2024. Guapurium caipirinha (Myrtaceae), A New Species of jaboticaba from Brazil with pentamerous flowers. Phytotaxa. 652(3); 217-226. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.652.3.3
- ^ Hilario, S.D.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L. Pollen foraging in colonies of Melipona bicolor (Apidae, Meliponini): effects of season, colony size and queen number (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Research. 2009, 8 (2): 664–671 [2021-09-26]. PMID 19554765. doi:10.4238/vol8-2kerr029. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-02-02）.
外部連結
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