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果渣

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經過壓搾後留在氣壓式搾酒機的搾袋內的夏多內葡萄果渣。

果渣Pomace)是指植物果實在經過壓搾,以提取其汁液或油份之後,所餘下的固態部份,包括有果皮、果肉、果籽、果梗等。常見的水果有:葡萄橄欖等。一般來說,果渣都沒有特別作用,只有丟棄或保留作堆肥飼料之用,但亦有部份植物的果渣,透過蒸餾發酵或化學處理的加工,可再生產其他農產品。舉例說:棕櫚仁油及橄欖渣油都屬於此類從果渣再提煉出來的農產品;果醋也一般採用果渣而非果汁或果肉來製作。

歷史

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中世紀時期的歐洲,由果渣發酵製成的,含有約3-4%酒精濃度的果渣酒十分普遍。 這種酒的製作十分簡單:把水加進果渣,然後等待發酵。一般來講,中世紀時期的酒不會為了提高酒的乾度而發酵,所以即使在發酵後,果渣依然能夠保留相當份量的殘餘糖份。

酸酒

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相傳這種釀酒方式源於古希臘和古羅馬帝國時的酸酒(Piquette):當時的奴隸把壓過兩次的果渣浸進水裡一整天,才作第三次壓搾,再把壓出來的液體混和更多的水份製作[1]。這種酸酒是一種很低劣的酒,直到現在,「Piquette」這個名詞依然可以解作「劣等酒」。

用途

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釀酒

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葡萄渣酒

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澳大利亞南澳州Barossa Valley英语Barossa Valley (wine)酒莊取得的葡萄果渣。上圖的是白酒的果渣;而下圖是來自紅酒的果渣。

視乎所採用的葡萄種類,由於生產流程的分別,白酒或紅酒的釀造方法略有不同。

渣釀白蘭地就是一種源自於意大利北部,從白葡萄酒的果渣蒸餾出來的酒液釀製,含有的殘留果醣比單寧及酒精還要高[2]

以下是各個國家的渣釀白蘭地的名稱:

  • 法國的Marc
  • 德國的Tresterbrand
  • 俄羅斯的Kislyarka
  • 喬治亞的恰恰(Chacha)
  • 阿爾巴尼亞的 Raki e Rushi
  • 保加利亞的拉基亞(Rakia)
  • 波士尼亞、克羅地亞、塞爾維亞及蒙特利哥羅的 komovica
  • 匈牙利的törkölypálinka
  • 羅馬利亞的tescovină
  • 斯洛伐克的terkelica
  • 斯洛文尼亞的Tropinovec
  • 意大利的grappa
  • 希臘的tsipouro
  • 克里特的tsikoudia
  • 馬其頓的комова
  • 塞浦路斯的 zivania
  • 黎巴嫩、巴勒斯坦及敘利亞的亞力酒(araq/arak)
  • 西班牙的orujo
  • 葡萄牙的aguardente和Bagaceira
  • 墨西哥的Presidente
  • 秘魯及智利的皮斯可(Pisco)
  • 玻利維亞的Singani

其他用途

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A 2004 study conducted by Erciyes University in Turkey found that pomace can also act as a natural food preservative that interferes with E. coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus bacteria. Researchers pulverised the dried pomace from the white Turkish wine grape Emir Karasi and red Kalecik Karasi grapes; this was mixed with ethyl acetate, methanol or water and exposed to 14 different types of food bacteria. All 14 bacteria were inhibited to some degree by the pomace — depending on the grape variety and the concentration of the extract. The red wine Kalecik Karasi grape was the most effective; the researchers believed this was due to the higher concentration of polyphenols in red wine grape skins.[3]

Oenocyanin, a natural red dye and food-coloring agent, is produced from grape pomace. Tartrates (potassium bitartrate, 'cream of tartar') and grape polyphenols can also be manufactured from grape pomace.[2]可口可樂公司的品牌之一芬達相傳就是在納綷德國對所有來自其敵對國家美國的產品實施禁制令之後,可口可樂在德國的分公司利用當地僅有的材料而開發出來的碳酸飲料,當中就有利用果渣來製作梳打水。

參考資料

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  1. ^ Robinson, Jancis (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Wine Third. : 532. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Robinson, Jancis (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Wine Third. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006: 534–535. ISBN 0-19-860990-6. 
  3. ^ Gaffney, Jacob. What a Waste! Grape Pomace Kills Food-Spoiling Bacteria. Wine Spectator. September 23, 2004 [2013-08-14]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-03). 

延伸閱讀

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外部連結

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果渣
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