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岁寒三友

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趙孟堅《歲寒三友圖》

岁寒三友,指三种植物。因这三种植物在寒时节仍可保持顽强的生命力而得名,是中國傳統文化中高尚人格的象徵,傳到日本後又加上長壽的意義。

松和竹在嚴寒中不落葉,梅在寒裡開,有「清廉潔白」節操的意思,是古代文人的理想人格日本平安時代由中國傳入松竹梅,江戶時代起又有吉祥的意義。

中國宋朝時,歲寒三友常作為文人畫水墨畫的題材,如文同蘇軾作品元朝明朝陶瓷器也常有松竹梅的圖案。日本的陶瓷器、漆器、織染也常用松竹梅圖案,常用於門松女兒節人形節日裝飾以及添丁、婚禮等喜慶事上面,常與鶴龜之類的主題一起用。

位于日本东京都天皇皇宫的正殿有三间厅堂,分别称“松之殿”、“竹之殿”和“梅之殿”。其中,松之殿级别最高,是日本皇室进行正规仪式的场所。另外,在日本的寿司店中,往往也以“松竹梅”表示寿司拼盘的档次规格,而日本的定食也會以“松竹梅”表示規格;通常來說,規格最高為,次之為,最末為,但有時候也會有相反的排序。

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岁寒三友
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