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本体论证明

本体论证明Ontological argument)是证明上帝存在的一种理论,属于先验性的证明方式。[1]该理论最早由中世纪哲学家伊本·西那[2][3]安瑟伦提出。后世的哲学家,包括谢哈布丁·苏哈拉瓦迪(Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi)、勒内·笛卡儿戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨、诺曼·马尔康姆(Norman Malcolm)、阿尔文·普兰丁格等都从不同角度发展了本体论证明。而数学家库尔特·哥德尔还通过模态逻辑给出了本体论证明的数学表达式

本体论证明是一个在哲学界中颇具争议的话题。许多哲学家,包括高尼罗英语Gaunilo of Marmoutiers托马斯·阿奎那大卫·休谟伊曼努尔·康德戈特洛布·弗雷格伯特兰·罗素等都曾公开地对其进行过批评。而包括安萨里伊本·鲁世德、穆拉·萨德拉(Mulla Sadra)在内的伊斯兰哲学家们也都各自批评过安瑟伦的论证,其中穆拉·萨德拉还提出过一个替代的论证。

本体论证明通过“如果我们能设想到最伟大的存在,那么它必然存在”来证明上帝的存在。这一论证常被认为是一种单纯断言的逻辑谬误,因为它没有提供任何已被证实的前提条件。另外,它通常还被认为是循环论证,因为其前提与结论相互依赖。

本体论证明的几个主要版本的区别在于所使用的上帝概念不同。如安瑟伦将上帝表述为“能想象得到的最伟大的存在”,而笛卡尔则表述为“绝对完美的存在”。

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Oppy, Graham. Ontological Arguments. Edward N. Zalta (编). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. [2010-05-09]. ISSN 1095-5054. (原始内容存档于2012-10-31). 
  2. ^ Steve A. Johnson (1984), "Ibn Sina's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence", The Muslim World 74 (3-4), 161–171.
  3. ^ Morewedge, P., Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument, Monist: 234–49 
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本体论证明
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