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有机铊化学 .
有机铊化学 是研究含碳 -铊 键化合物的化学分支。由于它在自然界含量稀少、分布分散且毒性特别大,故没有同族的硼 和铝 研究的广泛而深入。在有铊化合物中,铊可以以+1或+3氧化态的形式出现。
铊(III)有机化合物
三烃基铊和同族的三烃基铟不同,因TlX3 不稳定而不由三卤化铊直接合成,需要利用二烃基卤化铊:[1]
Ph2 TlCl + PhMgBr —THF → Ph3 Tl + MgBrCl 甲基锂 与碘化亚铊 和碘甲烷 的反应,可以用来制备三甲基铊 :[2]
2 CH3 Li + CH3 I + TlI → (CH3 )3 Tl + 2 LiI 该反应的机理尚有争议。
三烃基铊可以被氢卤酸或羧酸的水溶液分解:
R3 Tl + HA —H2 O → R2 TlA + RH (A=Cl, Br, I, CH3 COO, CF3 COO等) 三乙酸铊 可以直接和芳烃 反应,反应通过亲电取代 历程进行:
Tl(CH3 COO)3 + ArH → ArTl(CH3 COO)2 + CH3 COOH 三(三氟乙酸)铊亦可完成此反应。[3]
铊(I)有机化合物
一价的烃基铊通常不稳定,容易发生歧化反应:
3 CH3 Tl → (CH3 )3 Tl + 2 Tl 但环戊二烯基铊 (C5 H5 Tl)却相当稳定,它可以在水溶液中制备出来:
2 C5 H6 + Tl2 SO4 + 2 NaOH → 2 C5 H5 Tl↓ + Na2 SO4 + 2 H2 O C5 H5 Tl易与卤化物或卤代烃反应,形成其它环戊二烯化合物。环戊二烯基铊具有较高的稳定性,但含有取代基的环戊二烯基铊的稳定性却较差。[4]
参考资料
^ 宋礼成,王佰全. 金属有机化学原理及应用. 高等教育出版社, 2012.10. pp 149-161. 5.3 镓、铟、铊有机化合物
^ Gilman H, Jones R G. J Am Chem Soc , 1999, 121: 3228-3229
^ McKillop A, Fowler J S, Zelesko M J, et al . Tetrahedron Lett , 1969, 10: 2423-2426
^ 丘昌隆. 环戊二烯基铊(I)的化学 . 化学试剂, 1986, 8(6): 3560360
图例 与碳所成的化学键 系 有机化学重要研究对象 有广泛应用的领域 仅是学术研究的对象 尚未发现此类键
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