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最大功率传输定理

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最大功率传输定理(maximum power transfer theorem),又称雅可比法则(Jacobi's law)[1],最早由莫里兹·冯·雅可比英语Moritz von Jacobi在1840年左右公布。在电气工程中,最大功率传输定理指出,为了以有限的内阻从电源获得最大的外部功率,负载电阻必须等于电源网络的输出等效电阻。

这个理论产生了最大功率传输,但不是最高效率传输。如果负载电阻比源电阻大,效率会更高,因为电源中更高比的率被传输到了负载,但是负载功率会下降,因为电路的总电阻变大了。

如果负载电阻比源电阻小,那么最终整个电路中的大部分的功率会消耗在源上,尽管总功率更高了,由于总电阻更低,事实表明负载中消耗的减少了。

这个理论描述了,给出电源电阻后,如何选择负载电阻以实现最大功率传输。应用这个理论在相反的情况下有一个常见的误解。并不是说对于给出的负载如何选择源电阻。事实上最大化电力传输中,不管负载阻抗是多少,源电阻总是零。

这个理论可以被扩展到包括了电抗的交流电路。阐述了当负载阻抗的共轭复数等于源阻抗时有最大功率传输定理。

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最大功率传输定理
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