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普林尼式火山噴發 .
普林尼式火山噴發的解構圖:(1) 火山灰柱;(2) 岩漿通道;(3) 火山灰雨;(4) 熔岩及火山灰層;(5) 地層;及(6) 岩漿房 普林尼式火山噴發 (Plinian eruption),又名維蘇威式火山噴發 ,是火山噴發 的一種,其特徵類似公元79年的維蘇威火山噴發 。古羅馬学者老普林尼 (拉丁語 :Gaius Plinius Secundus )在研究此次火山喷发的观察中葬身,其外甥小普林尼 (Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus )紀錄描述了喷发过程。普林尼式火山噴發特徵是噴射高达平流層 (十公里以上)的火山氣體 及火山灰 。最特別的是其噴發大量的浮岩 及非常劇烈的氣體爆發。
短暫的噴發可以在一天內完結,但也可以長達數日,甚至數月。較長時間的噴發最初导致灰雲的生成,有時會連同火山碎屑流 。这种喷发可以噴出大量岩漿 ,導致地下岩漿室騰空而使火山口崩塌,形成破火山口 。細灰可以覆蓋很大面積。普林尼式火山噴發一般伴随着巨大的轰鸣,就如喀拉喀托火山 噴發時一樣。
熔岩 一般是由流紋岩 及有豐富的矽酸鹽 构成。普林尼式火山噴發很少會有玄武岩 熔岩,而最近一次有玄武岩熔岩的喷发来自1886年的塔拉威拉山噴發。
小普林尼以意大利松來描述普林尼式火山噴發。 小普林尼指出他的母親 於79年8月24日看見形狀和大小都不尋常的雲 。初時並不清楚雲的來處,後來才確認是來自維蘇威火山 。雲的形狀就像意大利松,如樹幹般上升到極高處,於頂端擴散。
老普林尼在那不勒斯灣 出發前往灾难现场以观察火山并拯救災民。其屍體於8月26日被發現,身上沒有明顯的傷痕,可能是窒息 或中毒 致死。
1822年藝術家描繪的79年維蘇威火山 噴發。
^ Enlightenment activities for improvement on disasters from Tarumae Volcano, Japan, Cities on Volcanoes 4, 23-27 January 2006
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