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普尔 (货币)

普尔(俄語:пул韃靼語پول[1],历史上中亚及周边地区曾使用的一种小额铜币称谓。曾使用普尔钱的有金帐汗国阿富汗布哈拉汗国[2]察合台汗国浩罕汗国准噶尔汗国俄属突厥斯坦哲德沙尔汗国[3]。约每50枚普尔钱折合1个腾格[4];约60枚普尔钱折合1个阿尔滕英语Altyn[3]。如今,普尔仍为阿富汗的辅币单位,每100普尔等于1阿富汗尼[5]

语源

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“普尔”一词一说来自于中古波斯语的“*pōl”,由古希臘語“ὀβολός”(obolós,即奧波勒斯)演变而来[6]

而根据伊万·格奥尔基耶维奇·斯帕斯基俄语Спасский,_Иван_Георгиевич的说法,“普尔”一名的起源可以追溯到罗马帝国时期,当时因通货膨胀,硬币被成袋使用,而这种装有特定数量钱币的密封袋在拉丁语中被称为“福利斯”(follis),后演变为一种大型铜币的单位。该单位被拜占庭帝国继承,并进入中东货币体系,如倭马亚哈里发国的“法尔英语Fals”。现代中东多个国家使用的铜币单位“费尔英语Fils_(currency)”也起源于此[7]

金帐汗国

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金帐汗国,官方规定每16枚普尔钱兑换1个dannik钱。普尔钱一般在有人要求用原铜兑换硬币时进行打造。汗王和他们的财政官员长通过发行带有“新普尔”钱文的新硬币来操纵普尔钱的市场价值,同时会宣布其他正在流通的普尔钱不再是合法的交换媒介,庶民必须将老普尔钱换成新普尔钱。尽管普尔钱并没有标准的重量,但新普尔钱一般比老普尔钱重。官方上每个dannik钱仍值16普尔,但它仅仅是象征性的,各地政府会自行规定兑换比率。[8]

金帐汗国普尔,1370年

俄罗斯

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14至16世纪末期,莫斯科大公国曾在莫斯科科洛姆纳德米特罗夫莫扎伊斯克佩列亚斯拉夫小亚罗斯拉夫茨等地,下诺夫哥罗德-苏兹达尔大公国曾在下诺夫哥罗德戈罗杰茨苏兹达尔等地,特维尔大公国曾在特维尔戈罗德尼亚俄语Городня_(Конаковский_район)卡申米库林俄语Микулино_(Московская_область)等地制造普尔钱,钱上压有“莫斯科普尔”、“特维尔普尔”等铭文标明铸币地,有的还带有骑兵、战士、动物、鸟类等图案,或者城市名或发行大公名等[9][10]

新疆

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准噶尔铜普尔

准噶尔汗国兼并叶尔羌汗国后,由于天山南路西四城,也就是喀什噶尔和田叶尔羌英吉沙四城的商品经济发达,参照原叶尔羌汗国钱币铸造发行准噶尔普尔钱。准噶尔普尔为红铜制造,钱文为准噶尔汗王的名字和打铸地的地名。重量从一钱四分到二钱四分均有,多在两钱左右。每五十枚折合一腾格,但各地也有稍作变化的。[4]

叶尔羌局乾隆通宝钱

滅準噶爾之后,再南疆先后设立叶尔羌阿克苏乌什库车喀什噶尔铸钱局,铸造发行“乾隆通宝”等圆形方孔钱,相比北疆和内地各钱局铸造的铜钱,南疆各局铸行的钱币含铜量高,外观呈红色,被称为新疆红钱,也称新普尔。新疆红钱限在南疆使用,与普通制钱的比率为1:5。

参考

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  1. ^ Academia.org Persian Legends on Islamic Coins: From Traditional Arabic to the Challenge of Leadership.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Uploaded by: Vladimir Nastich. Retrieved: 16 July 2017.
  2. ^ ANS Magazine The Coinage of the Mangit Dynasty of Bukhara.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Peter Donovan. Retrieved: 16 July 2017.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Eric R. Schena, “The Influence of Islamic Coins on the Russian Monetary System: An Introduction,” As-Sikka: The Online Journal of The Islamic Coins Group, 1, no. 2 (1999-2000)
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 钱伯泉. 准噶尔汗国的普尔钱研究. 西部蒙古论坛. 2011, (2): 7–18. 
  5. ^ Нумизматический словарь. [2010-08-04]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-26). 
  6. ^ Greece xiv. Greek Loanwords in Medieval New Persian. Encyclopaedia Iranica. [2018-08-16]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-26). 
  7. ^ Спасский И. Г.俄语Спасский,_Иван_Георгиевич Русская монетная система页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).— Л., 1962
  8. ^ German A. Fedorov-Davydov The Monetary System of The Golden Horde*.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Translated by L. I. Smirnova (Holden). Retrieved: 14 July 2017.
  9. ^ Алексей Михайлович. Каталог со списком монет. www.russian-money.ru. [2022-09-10]. (原始内容存档于2019-02-14). 
  10. ^ 链接至维基文库 Пуло. Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона. 维基文库. СПб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1909 (英文). 
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普尔 (货币)
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