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明書.
明書,清初弘文院編修傅維鱗著,凡一百七十一卷。
傅維鱗顺治四年(1647年)入明史馆分修《明史》,因「所纂不过二十餘年,止类编实录,不旁采」,故搜集「明兴以来行藏印抄诸本、家乘、文集、碑志」,纂成《明书》一百七十一卷,本纪十九卷、宫闱纪二卷、表十六卷、志四十八卷[1]、记五卷、世家三卷、列传七十六卷、叙传二卷。体例完备,其中十二史表多沿用王世贞的《弇山堂别集》诸表,較後來的《明史》更為完善[2]。上起元天历元年(1328年),下至明崇祯十七年(1644年)。陆陇其對此書评价很高,他说:「置张居正于《权臣传》,……置张孚敬、桂蕚、席书、方献夫、霍韬诸人于《佞幸传》,置刘基、宋濂、宋訥、朱升于《杂传》,置张玉于《乱贼传》,置姚广孝、李贽于《异教传》,……皆卓识也。」[3]《四庫提要》則以為編排失當:
《忠節傳》列遜國諸臣,至盈四卷,而梁良玉、雪菴和尚、補鍋匠,乃別入《隱逸傳》中,如曰以死不死爲別,則《忠節傳》中之程濟、葉希賢、楊應能固未嘗死,《隱逸傳》中之東湖樵夫又未嘗不死,是何例也?劉基不入《勳臣》,宋濂不入《文學》,以嘗仕元,均與危素等入之《雜傳》是也,納哈出,元色目人,何以又入《勳臣傳》乎?張玉、譚淵,以其爲靖難佐命,入之《亂賊傳》,與唐賽兒聯名,已不倫矣,朱能、邱福,事同一例,何以又入《武臣傳》中?姚廣孝首倡逆謀,尤爲亂首,何以又入《異教傳》中乎?《儒林傳》中列邱濬,《名臣傳》中列嚴震直、胡廣、徐有貞、李東陽、呂本、成基命,其於《儒林》《名臣》居何等也?嚴嵩入《權臣傳》,與張居正並列,温體仁、周延儒、薛國觀,併泯其姓名,而劉吉、萬安、尹旻、焦芳則入《姦回傳》,嵩等罪乃減於四人耶?石亨、石彪,實有戰功,但跋扈耳,仇鸞交結嚴嵩,冒功縱惡,亦未嘗得幸世宗,與馬昂、錢寧同入《佞倖》,則非其罪。陸炳有保全善類之事,乃入之《殘酷》,而許顯純、田爾耕,竟不著名,此亦未足服炳也。
《明书》結尾仿司马迁《太史公自序》、班固《叙传》,作《叙传》二卷。
傅維鱗卒於康熙六年(1667年)。其《明書》由其子傅燮保管。康熙十五年(1676年),攜之於河南魯山縣任所。康熙十九年(1680年),開館修《明史》,「奉部文坐名查取」該書。
注釋
- ^ 二十二志:司天志、方域志、历法志、郊祀志、纶涣志、礼仪志、乐律志、学校志、选举志、职官志、土田志、赋役志、河漕志、戎马志、刑法志、边防志、经籍志、服玺志、舆卫志、食货志、营建志、禨祥志。
- ^ 《明史》仅有《诸王世表》、《功臣世表》、《外戚恩泽侯表》、《宰辅年表》、《七卿年表》五表
- ^ 《灵寿县志》卷十《艺文志下》
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