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旱地.
旱地(英語:Drylands)是指缺水的地区,这类地区的降水与地表水蒸发和植物蒸腾(也即蒸发散)相等。[1]联合国环境署将旱地定义为热带与温带环境中干燥指数低于0.65的地区。[2]旱地可分为下述四种类型:
极端旱地有时也等同于沙漠,例如依照联合国防治荒漠化公约的定义。不过通常而言,沙漠同时包含旱地与极端旱地两类区域,而联合国防治荒漠化公约将极端旱地排除出了旱地的范围。
地球上41.3%的区域为旱地,其中拉丁美洲15%的土地、非洲66%的土地、亚洲40%的土地、欧洲24%的土地为旱地。发展中国家的旱地面积比例(73%)远高于发达国家,并且随干旱程度增加,这个比例也逐渐提高,几乎100%的极端旱地都位于发展中国家。不过,美国、澳大利亚和部份南欧国家也有面积可观的旱地。[2]
旱地是复杂且发展中的地貌结构,其属性和动态特征与当地气候、土壤、植被紧密相关。[3]
- ^ Middleton and Thomas, 1997. "The World Atlas of Desertification Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005a). Climate Change". Chapter 13 in: Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: Current State and Trends, Volume 1. Island Press.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 "Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Drylands Systems". Chapter 22 in: Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: Current State and Trends, Volume 1. Island Press.
- ^ Rodríguez-Iturbe, I. and A. Porporato 2004. Ecohydrology of Water-Controlled Ecosystems: Soil Moisture and Plant Dynamics. Cambridge University Press.
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