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方彝 (器具)

方彝的外形像座房子

方彝中国时期的青铜酒器礼器,用来盛,流行于殷代中期至西周早期。方彝器身为长方体顶作四阿顶状,整体形似房子谷仓

形制

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曲腹方彝
叔牝方彝,洛阳博物馆

方彝的器形特点是:器身接近长方体,侧面与横截面皆为长方形;有,盖为四阿顶形状,且盖顶中间有一个同为四阿顶形状的钮;方圈足;四隅和四面中心线常饰以扉棱。[1]:196,197方彝可以分为直腹和曲腹两类。[2]:52-53或再分出一类双耳方彝,两侧有像扬起的鼻形的双耳。[3]:144 妇好墓还曾出土一件形制特别的偶方彝,像两个方彝的合体,造型可能是在模仿当时的大型宫殿建筑[4]

名称

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这类青铜器铭文中自称为“尊”、“彝”等。“尊”和“彝”分别是青铜酒器青铜器的共同称谓,而非一类器物的专称。容庚首先明确将这种青铜器定为独立的一类,并暂名为“方彝”,后来的学者也都遵循这一称呼。[2]:52[1]:196

功用

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方彝用来盛酒。[2]:52双耳方彝的盖上都有两个方形缺口,用以放置用于挹酒的小[3]:144陕西长安张家坡井叔墓出土的方彝,就装有两只圆形小斗。[5]

历史

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方彝主要流行于殷代中期至西周早期[1]:197,在殷商晚期较为繁荣,使用者多为殷人,包括商亡国后的遗民[6]:67方形青铜礼器是殷商统治阶级权力与地位的标志,其使用者均为王室成员或中高级贵族[7]

参考文献

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 朱凤瀚. 中国青铜器综论. 上海: 上海古籍出版社. 2009. ISBN 978-7-5325-5055-5. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 容庚、张维持. 殷周青铜器通论. 北京: 文物出版社. 1958. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 王世民,张长寿,陈公柔. 西周青铜器分期断代研究. 北京: 文物出版社. 1999. ISBN 7-5010-1183-4. 
  4. ^ 中国社会科学院考古研究所(编). 殷墟妇好墓. 北京: 文物出版社. 1980. CSBN 11068·820. 
  5. ^ 郑文兰. 陕西长安张家坡M170号井叔墓发掘简报. 考古. 1990, (06): 504-510. 
  6. ^ 李娟利. 商周方彝的整理与研究 (考古与博物馆学硕士论文). 陕西师范大学. 2011. 
  7. ^ 刘一曼. 安阳殷墓青铜礼器组合的几个问题. 考古学报. 1995, (04): 395-412. 

外部链接

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方彝 (器具)
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