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斯瓦扬布纳特

27°42′54″N 85°17′24″E / 27.71500°N 85.29000°E / 27.71500; 85.29000

斯瓦扬布纳特
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斯瓦扬布纳特尼瓦尔语:स्वयंभू;尼泊爾語天城文स्वयम्भूनाथ,英語:Swayambhunath)位于尼泊尔加德满都以西的加德满都谷地,是一座佛教寺庙,也是尼泊爾國家象徵。又叫斯瓦扬布寺四眼天神廟

名稱

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该寺庙又俗称“猴廟”(英語:Monkey Temple),因为猕猴生活在廟的西北。藏语称该寺庙为“帕巴香更”(藏語འཕགས་པ་ཤིང་ཀུན་威利转写Phags.pa Shing.kun),意思是“庄严树林”,据说是因山上有不少珍贵树种而得名;但也有说法认为,“香更”(藏語ཤིང་ཀུན་威利转写Shing.kun)是尼瓦尔语Singgu(意为“自体本源”)的变体。[1]该寺庙不单纯是本土尼瓦尔佛教徒參拜,也有其他地區的藏传佛教信徒參访,是尼泊尔仅次于布达纳特的佛教道场。

根据《斯瓦揚布往世書英语Swayambhu Purana》(Swayambhu Purana)的说法,加德满都谷地以前是一个湖泊。有一朵蓮花在此生长,加德满都谷地被称作“斯瓦揚布”(Swayambhu),即“自体本源”、“自我證一”,该寺庙之名由此而来,也意譯爲“自體放光寺”。[2]

概述

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这座寺庙的创建年代有两种说法。第一种说法根据《Gopālarājavaṃśāvalī》记载,该寺庙是由李查维王朝国王馬纳德瓦(Mānadeva)的曾祖父创建,时间大约在5世纪。该说法似乎已被证实,因为该寺庙的一块损坏的石雕显示,馬纳德瓦在640年下令兴建。[2]另一种说法是阿育王到尼泊尔时已存在,后来被毁。

尽管这座寺庙是佛教寺庙,但此处也受到印度教徒尊敬。无数信仰印度教的君主曾经向该寺庙表示敬意,包括加德满都的国王普拉塔普·馬拉,他曾在17世纪建设了该寺庙东侧阶梯。[3]

该寺庙的佛塔十分有名,2010年5月又全部翻修一新,这是自1921年大修之后的又一次大修[4][5],也是自建成以后的第15次大修。佛塔的圆顶用20千克黄金重新镀金。2010年的此次大修是由美国加利福尼亚西藏宁玛冥想中心(Tibetan Nyingma Meditation Center of California)提供资金,从2008年6月动工的。[6]

斯瓦扬布纳特的佛塔高十三層,象征修行的十三層境界,眼睛象征佛眼无边,鼻是尼泊尔数字一,象征万物归一。寺廟的西北部住著聖猴。據稱牠們是文殊菩薩的頭蝨。

2015年尼泊爾地震中部分被毀。

参考文献

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  1. ^ Allione, Tsultrim. Women of Wisdom. London: Arkana. 1986. xxxiii. ISBN 1-85063-044-5. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Shaha, Rishikesh. Ancient and Medieval Nepal. (1992), p. 122. Manohar Publications, New Delhi. ISBN 81-85425-69-8.
  3. ^ Lonely Planet Nepal (2005). Swayambhunath.
  4. ^ Gutschow, Niels. The Nepalese Caitya: 1500 Years of Buddhist Votive Architecture in the Kathmandu Valley. Edition Axel Menges. 1997: 92 [8 April 2014]. ISBN 9783930698752. (原始内容存档于2014-04-09). 
  5. ^ Shakya, Hem Raj. (2002) Sri Svayambhu Mahacaitya. Kathmandu: Svayambhu Vikash Mandala. ISBN 99933-864-0-5
  6. ^ Utpal Parashar. Oldest Buddhist monument gets a makeover in Nepal. Hindustan Times. June 14, 2010 [2015-04-25]. (原始内容存档于2010-06-17). 
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斯瓦扬布纳特
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