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教皇使节

英格兰的亨利二世向教廷使节致意。

教皇使节罗马教皇派往外国的使节,由教皇直接任命,有权处理重大天主教会事务。

历史

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红衣主教托马斯·沃尔西亨利八世统治时期的教皇驻英格兰使节

中世紀中期,教皇使节的作用是加强罗马与基督教世界的联系。通常情况下,使节一般由非目标国国籍人士担任。但到了中世紀後期,任命当地神职人员担任教皇使节成为常见做法,例如红衣主教沃尔西担任英格兰亨利八世的教皇使节。政策转变的原因可能是宗教改革,这时任用外国人可能会导致争议。[1] 

教皇使节可以召集使节大会(legatine council)来处理教会事务[2]。根据教皇額我略七世的说法,教皇使节“地位高于所有与会主教,即使其品秩较低,也可以宣判对方死刑”[3]

级别

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教皇使节有多个等级:

圣座大使

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红衣主教Giovanni Francesco Commendone是乌尔比诺费拉拉威尼斯帕尔马英格兰的圣座大使。

今天最常见的教皇使节形式是圣座大使,在国际外交中等于特命全权大使。[4]

Legati

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Legatus a latere

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此头衔通常授予红衣主教级别的神职人员,可以全权代表教皇。 [5]

Legatus natus

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字面意思是“天生的使节”,即不是专门提名,而是其职位本身自带使节权力,如坎特伯雷改革前)、布拉格、埃斯泰尔戈姆乌迪内萨尔茨堡格涅兹诺科隆的大主教[5][6]。他们自动成为教皇在该教省的代表,只有在特殊情况下才会派出Legatus a latere 。尽管与后者相比,他们权力有限,但不从属于后者[7]

Legatus missus

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字面意思是“派遣的使者”,是为完成特定任务而派遣,权力有限、任期很短[5][6]

参考文献

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  1. ^ Pagden, Anthony. The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union 13. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2010 [2002]. ISBN 9780521795524. 
  2. ^ Robinson, I. S. The Papacy 1073–1198: Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1990: 150. ISBN 0-521-31922-6. 
  3. ^ Robinson, I. S. The Papacy 1073–1198: Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1990: 150. ISBN 0521319226. 
  4. ^ United Nations Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse and Immunities. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Article 16. United Nations. 1961. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bellenger, Dominic Aidan; Fletcher, Stella. Princes of the Church: A History of the English Cardinals. Stroud, UK: Sutton. 2001: 2. ISBN 0-7509-2630-9. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Livingstone, E. A. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3rd. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2013: 331 [1977]. ISBN 9780199659623. 
  7. ^ Tayler, Thomas. The Law Glossary. New York: Baker, Voorhis & Co. 1866: 300. 

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教皇使节
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