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學政.
學政,全稱提督學政,別稱學使、学台,古代學官名。
學政一般由翰林学士或進士出身的侍郎、京堂、翰、詹、科、道、部屬等京官擔任,职责是“掌一省学校、士习、文风之政令”[1],例如主持院試,選拔秀才,並督察各地學官。每省一人,地位在总督、巡抚之下,与布政使(藩使)、按察使(臬使)平行,稱藩臬學。
明正统元年(1436年),在布政使司下设立儒学提举司,设提学官(也称学政使、人稱儒宪,学宪、督学)一名,一般由按察司副使或佥事担任。南直、北直任用监察御史各一员任提学官。景泰元年(1450年)废止了上述机构制度。天顺六年(1462年),又恢复了上述机构制度。沿袭至1905年廢科舉,奏定《各廳州縣勸學所章程》,學政裁撤,各省改設提學使司,有提學使一人, 正三品[2]。
清朝由翰林及進士出身的部院京官中選派,各帶原銜品級,任期三年。不論本人官階大小,在任學政期間,與督、撫平行。提督學政直屬中央,無俸,年養廉銀3200兩。門子、轎傘扇夫共11名,快手12名,皂隸、聽事共14名,通共37名。提督學政職權為:掌管全省學校生員考課升降事,掌理歲、科二試,屆時巡歷所屬府、州,考查諸生的文才、品行、學習勤惰,並對所屬學官進行考核;參予全省政務,凡省內興革之類重大事宜,均參加會議並與巡撫、藩、臬會商以行。
- ^ 见《清朝文献通考》卷八十五职官九。
- ^ 《清史稿·志九十一》
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