希格斯玻色子的探索历史
在本篇文章裏，希格斯玻色子簡稱為「希子」。所有實驗結果的「置信水平」都是使用信號置信水平方法計算求得。[1]假若偵測到可能為新粒子的事件數量超過背景數量，則稱此為「超額事件」。任何發現新粒子的超額事件必需多過5個標準差才可算為正式發現。假若超額事件多過5個標準差，則偵測錯誤的機會是百萬分之一。
1989年－2009年
2010年
2011年
- 7月24日，分析超環面儀器（ATLAS）的實驗數據，排除標準模型希子的質量在155-190 GeV以內，置信水平95%；[8]又從緊湊緲子線圈（CMS）得到的實驗結果，排除質量在149-206 GeV以內，置信水平95%。[9]超環面儀器實驗團隊在同報告裏表示，LHC可能已偵測到希子的蹤跡，在低質量值域120−140 GeV，偵測到超額事件，大約超過背景數量期望值2.8個標準差。[10]
- 7月27日，CDF/DØ實驗團隊發表結果，延伸先前排除值域至156-177 GeV，置信水平95%；另外，在值域125-155 GeV內，發現少許超額事件（大約1個標準差）。[11]
- 12月13日， 超環面儀器與CMS實驗團隊分別表示，假若希子存在， 其質量分別限制在值域115–130 GeV（超環面儀器）或115–127 GeV（CMS）以內，置信水平95%。另外，在125 GeV附近（超環面儀器）與124 GeV附近（CMS）偵測到的超額事件，符合希子存在的訊號，但也符合背景漲落訊號，在經過旁視效應（look-elsewhere effect）修正後，全域統計顯著性分別為2.3標準差（超環面儀器）與低於2.0標準差（CMS）。[14][15]
- 12月22日，DØ實驗團隊发表有关最小超对称标准模型（Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model， MSSM）希子的的最严格限制：对于 90-300 GeV 希子质量，已設定产生MSSM希子的tanβ上限；特別是對於 180 GeV 以下的的希子质量，排除 tanβ>20-30。（tanβ是兩個希格斯二重態真空期望值的比率）[16]
2012年
- 3月7日，CDF/DØ實驗團隊表示，在Tevatron的全部數據裏，偵測到可以被認為是希子的超額事件，質量在115-135 GeV值域，標準差為2.2，對應於可能是統計漲落的或然率是250分之1。這符合超環面儀器與CMS獨立獲得的結果。[17]這結果排除希子質量在147-179 GeV以內，置信水平95%。[18]
- 7月2日，DØ與CDF實驗團隊宣布，進一步分析使他們更加有信心。他們排除希子的質量在100-103 GeV、147-180 GeV以內，置信水平95%。在能量115–140 GeV之間區域，超額事件的顯著性差異現在定量為2.9個標準差，這對應於在550次事件中，有一次事件是歸咎於統計漲落。這結果仍舊未能達到5個標準差，因此不能夠作定論。[19][20]
- 7月2日，超環面儀器實驗團隊發表2011年實驗數據分析，排除希子的質量在111.4-116.6 GeV、119.4-122.1 GeV、129.2-541 GeV以內，置信水平95%，又在質量126 GeV附近檢測出超額事件，標準差為2.9[21]
2013年
参阅
參考文獻
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