尾气
尾气是指車輛內的燃料（如天然气、汽油、柴油、重油、生物柴油混合物[1]或煤）經過燃烧而排放出来的氣體。根据車輛发动机的类型，尾氣通过排气管等不同的方式排放到大气中。
机动车排放尾气会导致空气污染，并且是一些大城市產生煙霧的主要因素。根據麻省理工学院2013年的一项研究表明，仅在美国，每年就有53,000人因汽车尾气排放而过早死亡。[2]根据同一所大学的另一项研究，在英国，仅尾氣造成的交通烟雾每年就会导致5,000人死亡。[3]
客车排放统计
[编辑]| 成分 | 排放率 | 年污染排放 |
|---|---|---|
| 碳氢化合物 | 2.80 克/英里 (1.75 克/公里) | 77.1英磅（35.0公斤） |
| 一氧化碳 | 20.9 克/英里 (13.06 克/公里) | 575英磅（261公斤） |
| NOx | 1.39 克/英里 (0.87 克/公里) | 38.2英磅（17.3公斤） |
| 二氧化碳——温室气体 | 0.916英磅每英里（258克每公里） | 11,450英磅（5,190公斤） |
| 成分 | 排放率 | 年污染排放 |
|---|---|---|
| NMOG (挥发性有机物) | 0.075 克/英里 (0.046 克/公里) | 2.1英磅（0.95公斤） |
| 一氧化碳 | 3.4 克/英里 (2.1 克/公里) | 94英磅（43公斤） |
| NOX | 0.05 克/英里 (0.0305 克/公里) | 1.4英磅（0.64公斤） |
| 甲醛 | 0.015 克/英里 (0.0092 克/公里) | 0.41英磅（0.19公斤） |
火花点火发动机
[编辑]
火花点火发动机中：
| 内燃机尾气[7] 所有数据皆为估算 |
% of total | |
|---|---|---|
| 成分 | 汽油 | 柴油 |
| 氮 | 71 | 67 |
| 一氧化碳 | 14 | 12 |
| 水蒸气 | 12 | 11 |
| 氧气 | 10 | |
| 微量元素[來源請求] | < 0.5 | ~ 0.3 |
| 一氧化氮 | < 0.25 | < 0.15 |
| 一氧化碳 | 1 - 2 | < 0.045 |
| 颗粒物 | < 0.045 | |
| 烃 | < 0.25 | < 0.03 |
| 二氧化硫 | 些许痕迹 | < 0.03 |
引述
[编辑]- ^ Omidvarborna; et al. Characterization of particulate matter emitted from transit buses fueled with B20 in idle modes. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2014, 2 (4): 2335–2342. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.020.
- ^ Caiazzo, Fabio; Ashok, Akshay; Waitz, Ian A.; Yim, Steve H.L.; Barrett, Steven R.H. Air pollution and early deaths in the United States. Part I: Quantifying the impact of major sectors in 2005. Atmospheric Environment. November 2013, 79: 198–208. Bibcode:2013AtmEn..79..198C. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.081.
- ^ Roland Pease. Traffic pollution kills 5,000 a year in UK, says study. BBC News. [2021-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-03）.
- ^ Average Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks (PDF). Transportation and Air Quality. United States Environmental Protection Agency. [2015-04-18]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-06-17）.
- ^ Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle -- Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards. Emission Standards Reference Guide. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 November 2012 [2015-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-26）.
- ^ State and County Emission Summaries: Volatile Organic Compounds. Air emission sources. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013 [2015-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-16）.
- ^ Self-Study Programme 230: Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions (PDF). AUDI. April 2000 [23 March 2012]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-08-07）.
外部链接
[编辑]- Health and Air Pollution （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Publication of the California Air Resources Board
- The Encyclopedia Of Filters - Dust Collection （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） An overview of the science of dust collection systems, including those used for pollution control.
- Cone, Tracie. California Air Pollution Kills More People Than Car Crashes, Study Shows. Huffington Post. 13 November 2008 [2015-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-01）.
- Automotive Exhaust Chemicals: disease causing effects. Alpha Online. Environmed Research Inc. （原始内容存档于2014-07-05）.
- Cars, Trucks, and Air Pollution. Clean Vehicles. Union of Concerned Scientists. 3 September 2013 [2015-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-07）.
- General Information - Emissions and ADR's. Australian Government, Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development. （原始内容存档于2015-01-01）.
- Environment, Health & Transportation: Motor Vehicles and Air Pollution. International Bicycle Fund. [25 October 2013]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-21）.
- Chevron Motor Gasoline Technical Review
- Chevron Diesel Fuels Technical Review
- 柴油尾气：
- U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Safety and Health Topics: Diesel Exhaust （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Partial List of Chemicals Associated with Diesel Exhaust （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Diesel Exhaust Particulates: Reasonably Anticipated to Be A Human Carcinogen
- Scientific Study of Harmful Effects of Diesel Exhaust: Acute Inflammatory Responses in the Airways and Peripheral Blood After Short-Term Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Healthy Human Volunteers （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Diesel exhaust: what you need to know
- DieselNet: Internet Resources （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- DieselNet: Diesel Emissions （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
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