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指數映射 (黎曼幾何)

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過北極的切面,到地面表面的指數映射,地圖學稱為方位等距投影英语azimuthal equidistant projection

黎曼几何中,指數映射(英語:exponential map)是由某(黎曼流形切空间的子集,到本身的映射。(伪)黎曼度量對應某個典範仿射聯絡,而(伪)黎曼流形的指数映射就是这个聯絡的指数映射。直觀理解,由起點出發,以揀選切向量為速度,沿流形上的「直線」行單位時間,到達的終點就是

定義

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微分流形上一點。利用上的仿射联络,可以定義過點的測地線[1]

為於點的切向量,則獨有一條测地线滿足,而初始切向量為。對應的指數映射

定義。一般而言,指數映射不必在全個有定義,而衹有局部定義,即定義域是原點的小鄰域,映到在流形上的某鄰域內。原因是,測地線之所以存在(和唯一),藉賴常微分方程解的柯西-利普希茨定理,但該定理是僅在局部成立。若指數映射在切丛處處有定義,則該線性聯絡稱為完備

參考資料

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  1. ^ 本節可參考Kobayashi & Nomizu (1975,§III.6),其稱仿射聯絡為linear connection「線性聯絡」。
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指數映射 (黎曼幾何)
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