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拉亞

拉亞( 阿拉伯语:رعاياraʿāyā, رعيّة‎的複數 raʿiya , 亦可拼寫作raiya, raja, raiah, re'aya; 鄂圖曼土耳其語رعايا國際音標:[ɾeˈʔaːjeː]; 土耳其語râiya [ɾaːˈja]reaya; 與阿拉伯語rā'ī راعي有關聯),是指代鄂圖曼帝國內負税的社會底層成員。在鄂圖曼帝國早期,拉亞並未獲准參與軍事服役,直到十六世纪後穆斯林拉亞始有資格加入軍隊,但是(如此變革)對統治階層產生困擾感。[1]

穆斯林世界, 拉亞字面解是為處於統治者或權威治下的臣民之意,即與自稱為Askari(「軍人」)的鄂圖曼帝國統治階層相對的「被蓄牧者」(「羊羣」,其所產「羊毛」即税收便用作支持帝國的Askari)。在穆斯林米利特社區當中,拉亞是佔總人口的90%;拉亞在整體而言囊括了基督徒、猶太教徒和穆斯林,這些群體不單止被徵稅以支撐政權,也要效力「專業鄂圖曼人」的階層。[2]而拉亞與統治階層間關係,是由所謂「正義圈」(Circle of Justice)來界定;而「正義圈」事實上是地方軍人與官僚,亦與Askari同樣屬於「稅收享受者」[3]。不過在同時代及當代釋義中,其也與Dhimmi通用,專門指稱非穆斯林的臣民[4][5][6]

參考來源

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  1. ^ Greene, p. 41, quoting Halil Inalcık
  2. ^ Sugar, p. 33
  3. ^ 《鄂圖曼帝國五百年的和平》導讀:「近東病夫」知多少?——理解歐斯曼帝國本質 2019-06-09 錄自林佳世子(はやし かよこ):《鄂圖曼帝國五百年的和平:跳脫土耳其視角的非伊斯蘭帝國》(オスマン帝国500年の平和),八旗文化出版 ISBN 9789578654662 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2023-04-15.
  4. ^ Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48, "Raiyah \Raee"yah\ (r[=a]"y[.a] or r[aum]"y[.a]), n. [Ar. ra'iyah a herd, a subject, fr. ra'a to pasture, guard.] A person not a Mohammedan (i. e. Muslim), who pays the capitation tax. (Turkey) (1913 Webster)"
  5. ^ Dictionary.com definition. [2023-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04). 
  6. ^ "Raiyahs,"--all who pay the capitation tax, called the "Haraç." "This tax was levied on the whole male unbelieving population," except children under ten, old men, Christian and Jewish priests. --Finlay, Greece under Ottoman and Venetian Domination, 2856, p. 26.

文獻

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  • Molly Greene, A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean, Princeton, 2000. ISBN 0-691-00898-1
  • Peter F. Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804, series title A History of East Central Europe, volume V, University of Washington Press, 1983. ISBN 0-295-96033-7.
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拉亞
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