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截面曲率

黎曼几何中,截面曲率是描述黎曼流形的曲率的一种方式。截面曲率 依赖于p点的切空间裡的一个二维平面 。它就定义为该截面,考慮在 p 点以平面 作为切平面的曲面 ,這曲面是收集流形中某包含 的鄰域內從 p 点出發的測地線且這測地線在 點的切向量屬於截面 (換句話說就是 其中 里包含原點的鄰域)而截面曲率 就是曲面 點的高斯曲率。形式上,截面曲率是流形上的2维格拉斯曼纤维丛的光滑实值函数。

截面曲率完全决定了曲率张量,是非常有用的几何概念。

定义

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M 为黎曼流形,σ 为 Mp 点处切空间中的二维平面,uv 为 σ 中两个线性无关的向量。 则关于 σ 的截面曲率定义为

其中 RM黎曼曲率张量

常截面曲率流形

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常截面曲率的黎曼流形是最简单的类型。它们称为空间形式。通过缩放度量,它们有三种情况

三类几何的模型流形分别是双曲空间欧几里得空间和单位球面。它们是对于这些给定的截面曲率唯一可能的完备单连通黎曼流形,所有其它常曲率流形是它们在某个等距映射群下的商。

性质

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  • 完备黎曼空间有非负的截面曲率,当且仅当函数对于所有点p是一个1-凹函数。
  • 一个完备单连通黎曼流形有非正截面曲率,当且仅当函数是1-凸函数。

参看

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截面曲率
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