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戊己校尉.
戊己校尉,汉晋时期的官名,主管车师前国和车师后国境内的负责军屯事务。
汉元帝初元元年(前48年)屯田车师(今吐鲁番盆地),设置戊己校尉,掌管屯田事务,为屯田区最高长官,监督安辑附近诸国。古代以天干标记方位,戊己居中,而所置校尉也居于西域之中,故名[1][2][3]。幕府称“戊己校尉营”,西汉时治所在车师前王庭交河城(今新疆吐鲁番市东约二十里交河古城),后迁至高昌壁(今吐鲁番市高昌古城)。一说有戊校尉、己校尉两校尉,一驻车师后王部,一驻车师前王部,秩比六百石(县令级),地位较低。副职称为史,属官有丞、司马各一人,候五人。统率屯田将士五百名左右,其部属全都是携带家眷。直接听命于朝廷,并在一定程度上受西域都护节制,可开府置吏。不经朝廷批准,都护不得随意调动。常协助都护处理西域事务,请出兵平定诸国不附汉者,及抵御匈奴侵扰。
王莽时以车师叛降匈奴,罢置戊己校尉。东汉时因与西域关系断续不常,故时置时废。汉明帝永平十七年(74年)设戊己校尉,置二员,秩比二千石。一屯车师后王部金蒲城,一屯车师前王部柳中城,相去千余里。汉章帝建初元年(76年)罢戊己校尉,汉和帝永元三年(90年)复置。汉安帝永初元年(107年)西域都护省置后,戊己校尉与西域长史同为西域最高长官。曹魏、晋朝时也曾置戊己校尉,驻高昌,皆四品。前凉太元四年(327年),改其治所辖地置高昌郡,此官遂废。戊己校尉的设置,有利于中原王朝控制西域形势和维持丝绸之路畅通。
- ^ 《汉书·百官公卿表上》颜师古注:“甲乙丙丁庚辛壬癸皆正位,唯戊己寄治耳;今所置校尉亦无常居,故取戊己为名也。有戊校尉,有己校尉。一说戊己居中,镇覆四方,今所置校尉亦处西域中,抚诸国也”。
- ^ 《汉书·百官公卿表》:“戊己校尉,汉官。中央镇覆四方。”
- ^ 《后汉书·西域传》注:“开渠播种以为获胜故称戊己”。
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