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夏克提

夏克提Shakti天城文:शक्ति,IAST:Śakti,直译:能量、能力、力量、努力、權力、強大的力量[1]),或譯沙克蒂沙克提铄乞底颯刻曇[2]等,被用以指稱多種印度次大陸文化概念,其一般定義是宇宙創造、維持和毀滅的動態能量。它被認為是女性能量,因為女性生育現象被認為與基於能量的創造相似;缺乏能量,宇宙便不會有活動。它刺激濕婆(以意識為表現形式的被動能量)進行創造。半女神是有關概念的標誌性代表;該神同屬男性和女性,說明宇宙的創造、維持和毀滅都依賴兩種力量。[3]

夏克提也指這種能量的表現形式,即女神。有些女神體現其破壞性面向,如死亡、衰退和疾病,而其他女神則體現其創造力和吉祥力量面向,如自然、元素、音樂、藝術、舞蹈和繁榮。它可能被人格化為溫柔仁慈的雪山神女(濕婆的配偶),或迦梨(毀滅性邪惡的可怕力量),或難近母(征服威脅宇宙穩定力量的戰士)。女神崇拜者常將她們視為全能且至高無上的存在,與男神不相上下。[3]

印度各地有持久的女神傳統,尤其是在西孟加拉邦和南部地區。象徵各方面權力的女神常在鄉村文化中佔據主導地位;當村人為眼前的需要祈禱時,會優先向女神祈禱。[3]

印度教傳統也認為女性是夏克提的承載者。這種對能量的認同承認女性是創造力和破壞力的載體。與許多現代文化一樣,印度教文化很難調和這兩種強大力量的生物強制力量。一些女性主義者和學者批評這種認定,因為這被認為導致社會指定聖人或罪人的標籤於女性,而沒有介於兩者之間的餘地。如此,女性就像仁慈的女神一樣,被認為應表現出寬恕、同情並容忍他人的過錯;如果他們符合這樣的角色設定,父權社會才會接受他們,反之(尤其是表現出獨立性和自信)則被認為破壞社群和家庭社會結構。然而,也有主張認為夏克提的概念可被用以賦予印度婦女抵抗父權的力量。[3]

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夏克提
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