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急流

尼亚加拉瀑布下游的急流
加拿大安大略省密西西比河 (加拿大)英语Mississippi River (Ontario)的急流

急流是水文学的現象,是河流河床坡度英语stream gradient較陡峭的部份,介於平順流動的河流及瀑布之間。急流的特點是河會越來越深,而且在會有些岩石露出水面。當水沖刷石頭及沿石頭旁邊流過時,空氣泡會混合到水中,因此水的表面會呈現白色的水花,稱為whitewater。急流一般是在上游河床的材質比下游要堅固所造成,急流會讓河流進行水曝氣英语water aeration,因此其水質會比較好。

國際河流難度規模英语International Scale of River Difficulty有針對急流進行分類,一般會分為第1至4級[1]。第5級的急流可以分類為5.1-5.9級。第1級的急流很容易渡過,不需要其他工具。而第4級的急流會對生命造成威脅,若無救生設備,落水後幾乎不可能獲救。泛舟一般會選擇有許多急流的河段。

物理因素

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若要形成急流,水體需要有往下傾斜的坡度。河流的坡度越大,水流得越快。坡度一般會用英尺每英里來計算。這會影響河流的流量,會以單位時間的水體積來計算。水流得越快,越容易形成急流。

河流的束縮(Constriction)是指河流流過較窄的區域,使水的速度變快。因著運送沖積物以及侵蚀作用,也會形成河流阻礙。 河流的阻礙可能來自人類活動、自然山崩、地震、沖積物或碎片的沈積。河流受這些因素影響的越多,河流越容易成為急流。

相關條目

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參考資料

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  1. ^ 存档副本. [2017-08-27]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-24). 
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急流
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