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怠工

怠工是一種工业行動,指勞工在履行其職務時,故意降低工作的生产率或效率。一般認為怠工的較罷工和緩,且對於勞工與工會的風險與成本較低,因此怠工可以作為罷工的前奏或替代方案。罷工的勞工通常沒有薪資,且有被撤換的風險,因此怠工被視為一種能對管理階層施壓,同時又得以避免這些後果的手段。

即使如此,參與怠工的勞工通常會遭到懲處,甚至有時會遭到解雇或法律處罰。

案例

在1970年代,於英国達格納姆福特汽車工廠,福特汽車的管理階層將生產線的速率從每分鐘18英尺提高到21英尺,由於這已經是第二次加速,工廠員工對此感到不平,工廠員工因此發起怠工。員工怠工後,福特汽車的管理階層將速率降回到每分鐘18英尺。[1]

2011年7月,澳洲航空工程師發起了一種不尋常的怠工,右撇子的工程師只用左手操作工具。[2]

按章怠工

另一種怠工的形式是按章怠工,「章」指的是勞工的工作守則,通常是為了安全或品質控管所制定的。然而在實務上為了提升效率,許多工作守則的內容中保留了許多可變通的彈性空間,工會可以藉此彈性空間發動按章怠工,促使勞工完全按照工作守則執行業務,使工作效率降低。

按章怠工的優點在於,由於勞工的行為完全合乎管理階層所制定的工作守則,勞工及工會可以宣稱他們沒有失職的事實。例如,捷運在停靠各站時應該要開啟車門長達一定時間,但實務上會縮短開門時間以提高效率,公車駕駛在實務上經常容許超載旅客,資深的機師在惡劣的天候仍能安全飛航,而在按章怠工期間,捷運駕駛可能會依規定開啟車門長達一定時間,公車駕駛可能會減緩駕駛速度並拒絕超載旅客,機師可能會在天候稍微不佳時便拒絕飛航。

按章怠工,與按章工作類似但稍有不同,按章工作是指勞工拒絕執行超出其職責的業務。

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ BBC Documentary "Ford's Dagenham Dream", broadcast Sun 6 Jun 2010 23:00 BBC Four
  2. ^ The Age - "Qantas engineers pledge whacky, wrong-handed strike action", Gabrielle Costa, July 13, 2011
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怠工
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