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風疹

风疹
一名感染风疹儿童的背部布满皮疹。皮疹与麻疹相似,但颜色相对较浅。
症状发热咽喉痛疲倦
类型病毒感染風疹病毒感染[*]疾病
病因風疹病毒[*]
治療supportive care[*]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科傳染病學、​新生兒學
ICD-111F02
ICD-9-CM056
DiseasesDB11719
MedlinePlus001574
eMedicine802617、​966220
[编辑此条目的维基数据]
「rubella」的各地常用譯名
中国大陸风疹
臺灣德国麻疹
港澳德国麻疹

风疹(英語:rubella[1]),又稱德国麻疹(英語:German measles)、三日麻疹(英語:three-day measles),是一種由風疹病毒英语Rubella virus感染所造成的疾病[2]。本病的症狀輕微,半數患病者通常不會有自覺患病[3][4],患者在感染兩週後開始起皮疹,約維持三天;皮疹往往從臉上開始,蔓延至身體其他部位。皮疹不像麻疹有明顯症狀,而且有時會;通常會伴隨淋巴結腫大現象,並且持續數週,發燒、喉嚨痛及疲勞也是症狀之一[4][5],成年患者也常見關節疼痛。併發症包含出血問題,睪丸腫脹以及神經發炎[4]懷孕初期患病可能導致嬰兒染有先天性風疹症候群英语Congenital rubella syndrome(Congenital rubella syndrome / CRS)或流產。先天性風疹症候群的症狀包含眼疾如白內障聽覺障礙、心臟問題與腦部問題;但風疹對懷孕20週後的孕婦患者影響較小[2]

风疹通常經由患者咳嗽時的空氣傳播[2][6],患者在出現皮疹前後一周內有感染能力。先天性風疹症候群患兒可超过一年时间中傳播風疹病毒。[4]本病僅感染人類,不經昆蟲傳播。患者復原後對未來感染免疫。對本病的免疫力可由試驗檢出。[2]本病由在血液、喉嚨、尿液中檢出病毒確診。檢驗血液中抗體亦對診斷有所幫助。[4]

风疹可通過风疹疫苗預防,一劑成效超過95%[2]。疫苗通常會與麻疹疫苗腮腺炎疫苗合併为三聯疫苗(MMR)[4]。當接種人口少於80%時,可能有更多女性到達生育年齡時仍未通過接種或感染獲得免疫力,進而有提高先天性風疹症候群英语Congenital rubella syndrome發病率的可能。 [2]本病在感染後無針對性治療方法。[5]

风疹在全世界許多地區属于常见感染疾病[5]。每年有大約十萬個先天性風疹症候群病例[2]。疫苗接種在许多地区降低了本病发病率[3][5]。现有在全球范围内根除本病的工作。[2]英文的「rubella」這個名稱來自於拉丁文,其意思是「小小的紅色」。風疹於1814年,由德國醫師首次當作一個獨立的疾病提出,也因此被稱為德國麻疹[4]

病徵

患病兒童會全身出疹及耳後淋巴結脹大,患病的成年人則會先出現頭痛、疲倦、輕微咳嗽和輕微發燒達1至5日,然後像患病兒童一樣皮膚出。出疹的情況會維持3至5日,但有些病者可能沒有這個病徵。

傳播途徑及潛伏期

風疹傳染性極高,風疹可透過接觸病人的鼻喉分泌物或飛沫而傳播,而潛伏期由14至26日不等。

參考文獻

  1. ^ Neighbors, M; Tannehill-Jones, R. Childhood diseases and disorders. Human diseases 3rd. Clifton Park, New York: Delmar, Cengage Learning. 2010: 457–79. ISBN 978-1-4354-2751-8. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Lambert, Nathaniel; Strebel, Peter; Orenstein, Walter; Icenogle, Joseph; Poland, Gregory A. Rubella. The Lancet. 2015-06-06, 385 (9984). ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 4514442可免费查阅. PMID 25576992. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60539-0 (英语). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Rubella vaccines: WHO position paper. Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire. 2011-07-15, 86 (29) [2022-11-02]. ISSN 0049-8114. PMID 21766537. (原始内容存档于2022-11-13). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Atkinson, William. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases 12. Public Health Foundation. 2011: 301–323 [Mar 2015]. ISBN 9780983263135. (原始内容存档于2017-05-01). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Huong McLean. 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel. CDC health information for international travel 2014 : the yellow book. 2014 [2015-08-03]. ISBN 9780199948499. (原始内容存档于2015-04-24). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  6. ^ Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles). cdc.gov. December 17, 2014 [30 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-02). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

外部連結

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風疹
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