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復冰現象

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冰的熔解曲線
冰的熔解曲線

復冰現象(Regelation)是指固體在受到壓力熔化,在壓力消失後又重新凝固的現象。有些來源的描述方式是「將細的金屬線綁在一塊冰上,線上再拉著重物,細線對冰所施加的壓力會使冰局部熔化,讓細線可以進入熔化的冰中,冰在沒有壓力後會立刻再凝固,因此細線會卡在冰裡。」此實驗可以用零下10度(或更低溫)的冰進行,在概念上合理,但在細繩穿過冰時的過程細節其實很複雜[1] 此現象在細線材料的熱傳導良好(例如銅)時格外明顯,原因是上方冰塊熔化時所要的潛熱需要由下方冰塊提供。

此現象是由麥可·法拉第所發現。此現象只會發生在凝固時體積會膨脹的物質(例如冰)。因此若外在壓力上昇,物質的熔點會下降。壓力每增加一大氣壓力,冰的熔點會下降0.0072 °C 。若壓力到達500大氣壓,若要讓冰在−4 °C時熔化,所需要的壓力要到500大氣壓[2]。「當冰受的壓力增加時,熔點降低」是由詹姆斯·湯姆森提出,其兄弟威廉·湯姆森(開爾文勳爵)實驗證明。

復冰的例子

冰川本身的重量會使得其他方表面產生很大的壓力,使冰熔化成水。即使在溫度在凝固點以下時,冰川仍可以由較高處移動到較低處。

誤解

以往的教科書常用滑冰作為復冰現象的例子,不過需要的壓力比滑冰者重量可以產生的壓力要大很多。[3]

以往的教科書也會用製作雪球作為復冰現象的例子,其實手所施打的壓力無法造成復冰現象。另一個反例是汽车在通過地時,不會因為施打壓力而將雪熔化。

參考資料

  1. ^ Drake, L. D.; Shreve, R. L. Pressure Melting and Regelation of Ice by Round Wires. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 1973, 332 (1588): 51. Bibcode:1973RSPSA.332...51D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1973.0013. 
  2. ^ Glossary of Meteorology: Regelation 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2006-02-25., American Meteorological Society, 2000
  3. ^ White, James. The Physics Teacher, 30, 495 (1992).
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復冰現象
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