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张籍.
张籍(约767年—约830年),字文昌,原籍吴郡(今江苏苏州),后迁居和州乌江(今安徽和县),唐朝诗人,有「詩腸」之称。
唐德宗贞元十四年(798年)北遊,經孟郊介紹,在汴州(今河南開封)認識韓愈。贞元十五年进士。历任太常寺太祝,因患目疾,自稱“草色遥看近却无”,孟郊称他为“穷瞎张太祝”。元和十一年(816年),转任国子监助教,目疾稍愈。迁秘書郎。藩鎮李師道仰慕張籍的學識,想網羅入幕,張籍婉拒,寫了一首《節婦吟》[1]寄給了李司徒[2]。
长庆元年(821年),韓愈薦為國子博士,歷任水部员外郎、主客郎中,终国子司业。时称“张水部”或“张司业”。因其出身贫寒,官职低微,能较多地接触社会底层的民众,故其所作乐府诗多批判社会,同情百姓的遭遇,颇为白居易等人所推崇,白居易稱讚为“尤工乐府诗,举代少其伦”[3]。与王建齐名,号称“张王乐府”。《彦周诗话》论道:“张籍,乐府、宫辞皆杰出”。其与白居易,孟郊等所作的诗歌被称为“元和体”。著有《张司业集》,編為五卷。南唐张洎收集其诗400多首编为《木铎集》12卷。明代嘉靖万历间刻本《唐张司业诗集》8卷,收诗450多首。
- 张水部,为人所熟知,很多因为一首《近试上张水部》(又名《闺意献张水部》):洞房昨夜停红烛,待晓堂前拜舅姑。妆罢低声问夫婿,画眉深浅入时无。这首诗经常被用作,考生考前或男女友见家长时,因而甚流行。传为唐代越州(今浙江绍兴)士子朱庆馀献给张籍,作为参加进士考试的“通榜”,增加中进士的机会。张籍答复《酬朱庆馀》:“越女新妆出镜心,自知明艳更沉吟;齐纨未足人间贵,一曲菱歌敌万金。”前者载于《全唐诗》卷五百一十五。
- 据《雲仙散錄》记载,张籍因为迷恋杜甫诗歌,把杜甫的诗集烧成灰烬,然后将烧完的纸灰拌上蜂蜜,一天早上吃三匙。一天,张籍的朋友来拜访他,看到张籍正在拌纸灰,很不解,就问:“张籍,你为什么把杜甫的诗烧掉,又拌上蜂蜜吃了呢?”张籍说:“吃了杜甫的诗后,我就能写出和杜甫一样的好诗了!”好友哈哈大笑[4]。
- ^ 张籍《節婦吟》:「君知妾有夫,贈妾雙明珠感君纏綿意,繫在紅羅繻妾家高樓連苑起,良人執戟明光裡知君用心如日月,事夫誓擬同生死還君明珠淚雙垂,恨不相逢未嫁時。」
- ^ 洪邁《容齋隨筆》曰:“張籍在他鎮幕府,鄆帥李師古又以書幣闢之,籍卻而不納,作《節婦吟》一章寄之。”
- ^ 《读张籍古乐府》
- ^ 此事《唐诗纪事》,《唐才子传》俱未载。且《云仙散录》,不足信者甚多,未详其真伪。
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