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引力势能

引力位能是指物体因为大質量物體的万有引力而具有的位能,其大小与其到大質量的距离有关。

其中万有引力常数分别为两物体质量为两者距离

依據古典力學,在兩個或更多的質量之間存在著引力位能。能量守恆要求這種重力位能永遠是負值[1]

证明

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一天体在中心天体的引力作用下由无穷远处匀速运动至某位置点,这一过程中,外力(要使匀速运动,上必然还有一个与引力等大反向的外力)所做的功为引力势能。

从无穷远处拉至的过程中,的间距不断减小,万有引力和外力不断增大,是变力。处理变力做功问题,需要借助积分。

点与质心相距先关注微元,再整体思考,可得

[2]

廣義相對論,引力位能被塑造成蘭道-栗弗席兹赝張量 [3],以允許古典力學的守恆定律能夠獲得保留。加上物質的应力-能量張量至蘭道-栗弗席兹赝張量的結果是結合了物質和重力能赝張量導致散度為零的發散。有些人反對在基礎上做如此的延伸,認為這樣做在廣義相對論中是不適當的,這是只是守恆律的需要所衍生的用途,在這樣的情況下只是赝張量和真張量的結合。

參考資料

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  1. ^ Alan Guth The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins (1997), Random House , ISBN 0-224-04448-6 Appendix A: Gravitational Energy demonstrates the negativity of gravitational energy.
  2. ^ 引力势能公式是如何推出来的? - 知乎. www.zhihu.com. [2024-02-07]. 
  3. ^ Lev Davidovich Landau & Evgeny Mikhailovich Lifshitz, The Classical Theory of Fields, (1951), Pergamon Press, ISBN 7-5062-4256-7
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引力势能
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