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廷議制度

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廷議制度,簡稱廷議,是漢字文化圈歷朝的一個政治制度,用意乃使朝廷大臣聚而論政,此制自秦朝開始直至清朝滅亡

廷議中,不分官職大小,眾臣皆可自由發言,以廣納言路。廷議的權限甚大,甚至能夠否決皇帝一些政策的執行。明朝朱元璋起由九卿(六部尚書都御史大理卿通政使)、六科給事中、十三道監察御史廷議;有關官員陞補任用之擬議,則謂之廷推。明朝萬曆期間,就曾因萬曆帝儲君安排被廷議否決,而導致萬曆帝與朝臣鬥氣、30年不上早朝,史稱「萬曆怠政」。清代皇帝大權獨攬,君權之高為歷代之最,又有議政王大臣會議分權,廷議並沒發揮制約君權之功能,徒有其名。

廷議之重大事項,舉述如下:

  1. 議立君立儲
  2. 議建都遷都
  3. 議郊祀、绝地天通
  4. 議典禮
  5. 議宗藩
  6. 議河工漕運
  7. 議邊事

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廷議制度
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