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幸存者内疚.
幸存者内疚(英語:survivor guilt/survivor's guilt),又称幸存者综合症(survivor syndrome/survivor's syndrome),是一个人认为从创伤性或悲剧性事件中幸存的自己是有过错的,因为自己幸存而感到困惑内疚,甚至宁愿自己也遭遇不幸的精神状况。
幸存者内疚的经历和表现将取决于个人的心理状况。当《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第四版(DSM-IV)出版时,幸存者内疚感作为一个公认的特定诊断被删除,并重新定义为创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的一个重要症状[1]。常见于战斗、流行病、谋杀、自然灾害、强奸、恐怖主义、事故的幸存者和自杀死亡者的朋友、家人及目擊者,也可能存在于非致命情况下的幸存者中。
历史
幸存者内疚在1960年代首次被发现。研究人员在犹太人大屠杀的幸存者中发现了类似的状况。
华威大学的心理学家斯蒂芬·约瑟夫(Stephen Joseph)研究了自由企业先驱号翻船事件的幸存者,该事件导致459名乘客中的193人死亡。他的研究表明,60%的幸存者患有幸存者内疚。约瑟夫还得出幸存者内疚有三种类型:[2]
- 对其他人死亡时仍然活着感到内疚。
- 对他们未能做的事情感到内疚。这些人经常遭受创伤后的“入侵”,因为他们一次又一次地重温事件。
- 对他们所做的事情感到内疚,例如争夺争先恐后地越过他人逃跑。这些人通常想避免思考这场灾难。他们不想让人提起真正发生的事情。
幸存者有时会因为他人的死亡而责备自己,包括那些在拯救幸存者时死亡的人或幸存者试图挽救但失败的人[3]。
参考文献
- ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV, American Psychiatric Publishing; 4th edition (June 2000)
- ^ Joseph, S., Yule, W., & Williams, R. (1994). The Herald of Free Enterprise disaster: The relationship of intrusion and avoidance to subsequent depression and anxiety. Behaviour research and therapy, 32(1), 115-117.
- ^ Wilson, J. P., & Raphael, B. (1993). Theoretical and conceptual foundations of traumatic stress syndromes. International Handbook of Trau-matic Stress Syndromes, 1.
延伸阅读
- Williams, T. (1988). Diagnosis and treatment of survivor guilt. In Human adaptation to extreme stress (pp. 319-336). Springer, Boston, MA. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0786-8_14
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