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常建.
常建(?—?),出生在邢台或长安(今陕西省西安市)[1],唐朝著名的山水田园诗派诗人。
开元十五年(727年),登李嶷榜进士,與王昌齡同榜。[2]授职盱眙(今江苏省淮安市盱眙县)縣尉。[3]因性格孤僻耿直,不攀附权贵,导致仕途失意,[4]隐居于鄂州武昌(今湖北省),後去信王昌龄與张偾,一起隐居在鄂渚的西山。[5]
常建的诗词语言清新自然,意境清幽澄澈。作品中流露出淡泊名利的隐士情怀。常建也有邊塞詩作品,如《吊王将军墓》“嫖姚北伐时,深入强千里。战余落日黄,军败鼓声死。”,描寫戰爭的殘酷。今存《常建诗集》3卷和《常建集》2卷。《全唐诗》录其诗五十七首。
- 《河岳英灵集》:“建诗似初发通庄,却寻野径,百里之外,方归大道。所以其旨远,其兴僻;佳句辄来,惟论意表。”
- 欧阳修很喜欢常建的《题破山寺后禅院》诗:“竹径通幽处,禅房花木深。”,又說“欲效其語作一聯,久不可得,乃知造意者為難工也”。[6]
- 《四库全书总目》:“卓然与王、孟抗行者,殆十之六七”。
- ^ 傅璇琮《唐代诗人丛考·常建考》认为《唐才子传》说常建是长安人不确,“但他究系何地人,限于目前的史料,只能阙疑”。
- ^ 顾况《监察御史储公集序》说:“开元十四年,严黄门知考功,以鲁国储公进士高第,与崔国辅员外、綦毋潜著作同时;其明年,擢第常建少府、王龙标昌龄,此数人皆当时之秀。”
- ^ 《唐才子传》说他“大历中,授盱眙尉。”但已有專家指出常建是開元進士,離大曆釋褐(脫去百姓穿的粗衣)已有四十年之久,以唐代的科舉體制而言,實不合理。马茂元《常建生平考略》以為常建任盱眙尉應在天宝三载之后,天宝十二载之前。
- ^ 殷璠《河岳英灵集》載:“高才无贵仕,诚哉是言。曩刘桢死于文学,左思终于记室,鲍昭卒于参军。今常建亦沦于一尉,悲夫。”
- ^ 辛文房《唐才子传》:“开元十五年与王昌龄同榜登科。大历中,授盱眙尉。仕颇不如意,遂放浪琴酒,往来太白、紫阁诸峰,有肥遁之志。……后寓鄂诸,招王昌龄、张偾同隐,获大名当时。”傅璇琮《唐代诗人丛考·常建考》以為:“常建诗所谓《仙谷遇毛女意知是秦时宫人》,是根据《列仙传》的故事,参以武昌地区的民间传说而写的寓意诗,完全不是写其自身的经历,从《河岳英灵集》已载其诗看来,益可证明天宝时他即已寓居武昌,可能这就是常建晚年居住之地。”
- ^ 《欧阳文忠公集》外集卷二十三《 题青州山斋》
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