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曹州教案

曹州教案
薛田資著作《孔子之鄉》中描繪曹州教案的圖畫
位置 大清帝國山東省曹州府鉅野县
日期1897年11月1日夜間
死亡2
主謀不明(咸信為大刀會成員)
參與人數20至30人

曹州教案,亦称鉅野教案,发生于1897年(光绪二十三年)11月1日,山东省曹州府鉅野县(今菏泽市巨野县麒麟镇)磨盘张庄的天主教堂2名在堂内的德国聖言會神父能方济韩理加略由于不明原因被杀死。[1]

事件

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鉅野教案遗址

教案发生在张家庄(今磨盘张庄)[2][3]薛田资是张家庄的本堂神父,另外两位传教士能方济韩理加略来探望他。[3]薛田资是这样描述此事:[3]在午夜上床睡觉前,传教士们进行諸聖节的安魂曲弥撒练习。薛田资把房间让给了客人过夜,自己搬进了一个空着的搬运工房间。传教士们认为这个地区很安全,没有采取任何预防措施,薛田资也没有锁上房门。在传教士们睡觉后不久,二十到三十名武装袭击者[4]闯进传教团大院,他们打破能方济和韩理加略住房的门并杀死两人。攻击者搜寻薛田资但没有找到,当地的中国教徒来到现场时袭击者撤退了。两名受害者被中國教徒发现时已经有多处刺伤,據推測在午夜前不久死亡。[5]

至今仍未知道谁是袭击者,但最普遍认为是大刀會制造这场袭击。[5]薛田资将此事归咎于邻近村庄(曹家庄)的看守,原因是典狱长与有钱亲戚间发生争执,因后者皈依天主教并拒绝支付当地寺庙宴席的费用。[3]

后果

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在曹州教案发生后不到两週,德意志帝国就以杀害传教士为由占领了胶州湾。在德国的威胁下,清政府被迫免去许多山东官员(包括山东巡抚李秉衡)的职务,并自费在该地区(济宁、曹州和鉅野)修建三座天主教堂,[6]被袭击的使团获得3000两银子赔偿,并获得该地区建造七座防御设施的权利,同样由清政府支付费用。[7]这一定居点加强山东省南部的传教,也成为义和团运动的一部分原因。[8]其他列强(俄罗斯、英国、法国和日本)开始模仿德国争夺殖民地,以此确保自己在中国的势力。[9]

评论

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历史学家保罗·科恩将曹州教案称为“在中国的帝国主义活动增强过程中的开口楔子”[10],约瑟夫·W·埃舍利克称,曹州教案引发了一系列事件,从根本上改变了中国的历史进程。[11]

参考资料

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  1. ^ Esherick 1987,第123頁
  2. ^ 巨野教案钩沉-大众日报数字报. 58.56.89.141. [2021-01-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-25). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Stenz 1915
  4. ^ Esherick 1987
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Clark 2011,第52頁.
  6. ^ Esherick 1987,第131頁.
  7. ^ Tiedemann 2007a, pp. 27–28.
  8. ^ Esherick 1987, pp. 134–35; Cohen 1997,第21頁.
  9. ^ Esherick 1987, pp. 129–30.
  10. ^ Cohen 1997,第21頁
  11. ^ Esherick 1987,第123頁.

外部链接

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  • Clark, Anthony E., China's Saints: Catholic Martyrdom During the Qing (1644–1911), Lexington Books, 2011 .
  • Cohen, Paul, History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-231-10651-3 .
  • Esherick, Joseph W., The Origins of the Boxer Uprising, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987, ISBN 0-520-06459-3 .
  • Stenz, Georg-Maria, Life of Father Richard Henle, S.V.D. missionary in China : assassinated November 1, 1897, Techny, IL: Mission Press, S.V.D., 1915 
  • Tiedemann, R. G., The Church Militant: Armed Conflicts between Christians and Boxers in North China, Robert Bickers; R.G. Tiedemann (编), The Boxers, China, and the World, Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield: 17–41, 2007a, ISBN 978-0-7425-5395-8 .

参见

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曹州教案
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