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巡按

王爺廟中陳列的巡按執事牌

巡按,原本指行各地,考視察。《新唐書》百官志:“監察御史十五人,正八品下,掌分察百僚,巡按州縣。”

巡按是明、清職官名,全稱是巡按御史明成祖永樂年間,派遣御史至各地巡視政情,稱「巡按御史」,簡稱巡按,職權似漢朝刺史。《日知录》:“汉之刺史,犹今之巡按御史;魏晋以下之刺史,犹今之总督;隋以后之刺史,犹今之知府、及直隶知州也。”

明代之巡按御史由监察御史中选出,最先由都察院挑选出两名候选人,再由皇帝钦点並重點面談。每年八月巡按出巡天下,除去路途时间,以一年为期限。许带书吏一名、人吏两名,必须同行,不许单独行动。官制七品,有“大事奏裁,小事立断”的特权,“察吏安民之效,已见于二三百年者也。”

清初沿用明制,但巡按御史均系汉人担任,满人與蒙古人未能介入,多受滿人權貴質疑。又“多受屬員獻媚,參劾無聞”,是以屢有興廢。順治十八年(1661),永久廢除巡按御史制度,這使得地方权力制衡的架构被打破,总督、巡抚權勢趁機坐大。康雍乾时期,屡有臣僚奏请恢复巡按制度。[1]清政府則通过密折制,试图弥补巡按御史废除后地方大吏监督缺失的负面影响,但終究是皇帝一人難敵全國性貪腐。乾隆中期以来,地方连续发生侵贪大案,督抚以欺蒙为能,礼部侍郎尹壮图上疏称“各省督抚声名狼藉,吏治废弛”,如甘肅冒賑案,牵涉总督、布政使及以下道、州、府、县官员113人,震动全国,案發時乾隆帝驚覺此案“竟無一人舉發陳奏”。伴随著康雍乾盛世的谢幕,巡按制度最终未能恢复,成为嘉道中衰的重要诱因。

巡按雅稱為按君、「代天巡狩」。《明史》的《職官志》:“巡按則代天子巡狩”,程登吉幼學瓊林》文臣:“代天巡狩,贊稱巡按”「稱都堂曰大撫臺,稱巡按曰大柱史。」。“八府巡按”常见於小说

注釋

[编辑]
  1. ^ 储方庆《裁官论》一疏中说:天下之官以数万计,而其大势常出于两途,六部操政柄,行之于督抚,督抚之下府县,以集其事,此一途也;科道察部臣之奸,巡方制督抚之专,而推官实为之爪牙,此又一途也。……天下之大,天下之人之众,并为一途,以乱一人之视听,恐非天下之福”。(《清经世文编》)
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