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屍蠟

屍蠟Adipocere/ˈædɪpəˌsɪər, -p-/[1][2][3]是一種由厭氧细菌水解屍體內組織裡的脂肪(例如:屍體本身的脂肪組織)而形成的蠟質有機物質。屍蠟的形成,令屍體腐敗的過程中斷,並使屍體內的脂肪組織、內臟及臉部得以有效保存。

歷史

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「屍蠟」這個名詞最早由托马斯·布朗爵士使用,他於1658年在他的著作《瓮葬英语Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial》(Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial英语Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial)這樣寫[4]

In a Hydropicall body ten years buried in a Church-yard, we met with a fat concretion, where the nitre of the Earth, and the salt and lixivious liquor of the body, had coagulated large lumps of fat, into the consistence of the hardest castile-soap: wherof part remaineth with us.

屍蠟形成過程的化學反應,有17世紀當顯微鏡普及後開始被了解,知道與皂化反应相關[4]

外觀

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屍蠟是一種易碎的、蠟質的、而且不溶於水的材料,主要由飽和的脂肪酸組成。取決於脂肪是由白色還是棕色的脂肪組織而來,所形成的屍蠟的顏色也因此會是灰白色或棕褐色[4]

在屍體中,屍蠟形成的堅硬外殼,將屍體緊緊包裹,令屍體上的微細特徵,例如:體型、臉部特徵、以及創傷均可以有效的保存下來[4]

形成

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屍蠟是由組織中脂肪的厭氧細菌水解形成的。脂肪轉化成為屍蠟的過程,在水分含量高且沒有氧氣的環境中,例如:在潮濕的地面、在湖底的泥裡、又或密封的棺材底部最容易發生,並且不管是經保存處理或未經處理的屍體均可能發生。如果屍蠟在死者死後一個月內開始形成,在沒有空氣的情況下可以保持屍體的組織長達數百年[5]。屍蠟的形成,使一具死於13世紀嬰兒的大腦左半球得以保存,其細緻程度甚至連腦部的腦溝sulci)、腦迴gyri)及运动皮层中的尼斯小體,在20世紀仍然可以區分[6]。因此,外露的、又或已被昆蟲侵擾的屍體、又或處於溫暖環境中的屍體皆不太可能形成屍蠟沉積。

婦女、嬰兒和超重者的屍體特別容易轉化成為屍蠟,因為他們含有更多的身體脂肪[4]。在鑑證醫學中,利用屍蠟形成所需的時間去估算死後間隔英语postmortem interval的應用有限,因為屍蠟形成所需的時間會受到溫度影響。這個過程會因溫暖而加速,但極端溫度卻又會阻止它[4]

暴露在空氣中,處理,解剖和微生物群的酶活性的綜合作用下,在微觀層次上發掘出腐殖質後,降解仍在繼續。[7]

參看

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注釋

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  1. ^ Adipocere. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. [2016-01-23]. 
  2. ^ Adipocere. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. [2016-01-23]. 
  3. ^ 譯名參考:《法醫研究所》第三季,2021-02-06 21:00香港電台第一台
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Murad, Turhon A. Adipocere. Ayn Embar-seddon; Allan D. Pass (编). Forensic Science. Salem Press. 2008: 11. ISBN 978-1-58765-423-7 (英语). 
  5. ^ Decomposition: What is grave wax? [分解:什麼是屍蠟?]. [2011-10-06]. (原始内容存档于2009-02-15) (英语). 
  6. ^ Papageorgopoulou C; Rentsch K; Raghavan M; Hofmann MI; Colacicco G; Gallien V; Bianucci R; Rühli F. Preservation of cell structures in a medieval infant brain: a paleohistological, paleogenetic, radiological and physico-chemical study [中世紀嬰兒大腦中細胞結構的保存:古組織學,古發生學,放射學和理化研究]. NeuroImage. 2010, 50 (3): 893–901. PMID 20080189. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.029 (英语). 
  7. ^ Salihbegović, Adis; Clark, John; Sarajlić, Nermin; Radović, Svjetlana; Finlay, Finlay; Jogunčić, Anes; Spahić, Emina; Tuco, Vedo. /index.php/bjbms/article/view/3343 ? [在波斯尼亞Tomašica墓地被埋葬21年的人類遺骸的組織學觀察和黑塞哥維那] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2018, 18 (3): 234–239. PMC 6087555可免费查阅. PMID 29669235. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2018.3343. [失效連結]

外部連結

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屍蠟
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