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尖點

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半立方拋物線x3y2=0在(0,0)處有一尖點

尖點(英語:Cusp)是曲線中的一種奇點。曲線上的動點在移到尖點時會開始反向移動,右圖是一個典型的例子。 給定一個以解析參數式定義的平面曲線:

尖點即為函數fg之導數為零之點,同時方向導數在切線方向會變號(切線方向之斜率為)。尖點是局部的奇點,只牽涉到參數t的一個值,不像自交點牽涉到t的許多值。在某些時候,方向導數變號的條件會省去,此時奇點有可能看起來像一般的點。

以一個光滑隱函數定義的曲線來說,

F泰勒級數展開,當其最低階項可表為一次多項式的次方時,即為尖點所在處。但是並非所有擁有此性質的奇點都是尖點,由皮瑟級數英语Puiseux series相關定理可知,若F解析函數,則在座標線性變換後,在尖點附近可將曲線參數化成以下形式:

其中a是實數,m是正偶數,S(t)k階的冪級數且k>mm也是F最低階項中非零部份的階數。這些定義已被勒内·托姆弗拉基米爾·阿諾爾德推廣至以可微函數定義的曲線,若某點鄰域存在微分同胚,將曲線映至以上定義的尖點,則該曲線有尖點。在某些時候,以及以下文章,尖點被限定為二階尖點,也就是說(({1))}。一個平面曲線的二階尖點可被微分同胚表為x2y2k+1 = 0,其中k是正整數。

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