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小节

各種不同的小節線.

小節是音樂作品中最基本的有規律的節奏單位,表示樂曲強弱起伏的基本結構。每個小節內含有和拍號標明的拍子數相同的節拍。一個小節通常以強拍開始,稱為完全小節。所有小節重複前面小節的節拍,如三拍子,一個小節內會有強-弱-弱三拍,四拍子一個小節內有強-弱-次強-弱四拍,其他小節反復進行。

以弱拍開頭的小節,叫做“弱起小節”。弱起小節開頭的樂曲有兩種,一種是直接以完全小節結尾,一種是在最後一個小節中加上一個強拍,使其和弱起小節的拍子總數合在一起成為一個完整的小節。這種結尾的小節稱為“不完全小節”。[1]

小节线

樂譜中以縱線分割各個小節,這個縱線叫“小節線”。依不同的指示用途,小節線分為單小節線雙小節線。單小節線是一條垂直線,通常畫在第一拍前。雙小節線則有兩種:用來分隔樂曲各部分時,會畫成兩條等粗的細線;作為樂曲的結束的稱為終止線,是內細外粗的雙直線。當樂曲需要重複時,重複的部分也會用內細外粗的雙直線表示,並且在細線旁加上垂直的兩個點。

大部分的作品都會使用小節線以清楚地標示節奏。但例如中國音樂在內的許多民族音樂並不使用類似小節線的符號。另外,法國作曲家薩提的許多作品都不使用小節線。

參考資料

  1. ^ 存檔副本. [2008-01-02]. (原始内容存档于2007-12-26). 
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