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針對女性的暴力行為

針對女性的暴力行為 (英文:Violence Against women,缩写:VAW)泛指针对女性或对女性产生影响的暴力行为。有时,这种行为属于一种仇恨罪行[1][2][3],指针对某一特定性别的犯罪行为。对女性的暴力行为是带有性别歧视的,也就是说,施暴者因为施暴对象是女性而对其实施暴力,或是由于父系社会的观念。联合国消除对妇女的暴力行为宣言表明:

“对妇女的暴力行为是历史上男女权利不平等关系的一种表现”“对妇女的暴力行为是严酷的社会机制之一,它迫使妇女陷入从属于男子的地位”[4]

前任联合国秘书长科菲·安南在2006年发布在联合国妇女发展基金会(英文:United Nations Development Fund of Women,缩写:UNDFW)网站上的一篇报告中指出:

对妇女、女童的暴力行为是一个普遍的问题。全世界超过三分之一的女性都遭受到不同的程度上的暴力行为,包括毒打、强奸,熟识者的暴力行为。[5]

针对女性的暴力可包括个体实施的暴力行为和国家实施的暴力行为。个体实施暴力的方式有强奸家庭暴力性骚扰、强制使用避孕药、溺弃女婴、产前性别选择、孕期暴力和聚众暴力。除此之外,有些不良传统和习俗也是针对女性的暴力行为,例如荣誉谋杀、嫁妆暴力、切割女性生殖器官、骗婚和逼婚。国家使用暴力的方式有,战时实施战争强奸、性暴力和性奴役行为;强制绝育、强制堕胎;警察和权贵人士实施的暴力行为;投石鞭刑。犯罪集团有组织地实施非法买卖女性和强制卖淫活动,这些同样属于针对女性的暴力行为。[6]

世界卫生组织 (WHO),在其针对女性暴力的研究中,将女性一生分为五个阶段:“1) 出生前,2) 婴儿时期,3) 少女时期,4) 青春期和成人后,5) 晚年”[7]

这些年来,随着各种大会、欧盟组织提出女性暴力这一问题,故而越来越受到国际上的关注。欧盟法中包括性骚扰[8]贩卖人口[9]相关法规。

参见

引用文献

  1. ^ Angelari, Marguerite. Hate Crime Statutes: A Promising Tool for Fighting Violence Against Women. Karen J. Maschke (编). Pornography, sex work, and hate speech. Taylor & Francis. 1997 [2014-11-18]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-28). 
  2. ^ Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies. Sage. 2013 [2014-11-18]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-28). 
  3. ^ McPhail, Beverly. Gender-Bias Hate Crimes: A Review. Barbara Perry (编). Hate and bias crime: a reader. Psychology Press. 2003 [2014-11-18]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-28). 
  4. ^ A/RES/48/104 - 消除对妇女的暴力行为宣言. United Nations General Assembly. [2014-08-06]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-13). 
  5. ^ Moradian, Azad. Domestic Violence against Single and Married Women in Iranian Society.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Tolerancy International. September 2009. Retrieved 16 Nov. 2011.
  6. ^ Prügl, E. (Director) (November 25, 2013). Violence Against Women. Gender and International Affairs Class 2013. Lecture conducted from The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID), Geneva, Switzerland.
  7. ^ (1997). Violence against women: Definition and scope of the problem.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) World Health Organization, 1, 1-3. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
  8. ^ Directive 2002/73/EC - equal treatment of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions [1]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  9. ^ DIRECTIVE 2011/36/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JH http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:101:0001:0011:EN:PDF页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
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針對女性的暴力行為
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